PINGTUNG – ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

台灣 / 屏東縣 – 環境 及 自然

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Location of the Island of Taiwan in East Asia. (ontheworldmap.com)

Island of Taiwan & Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu Islands. Also shown are: Green Island (Lu Dao) and Orchid Island (Lan Yu). (cia.gov)

Location of Pingtung on the Island of Taiwan. (wikipedia.org)

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Links to individual topics for PINGTUNG – ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

are presented on this page in the following categories :

ENVIRONMENT & NATURE – 環境 及 自然

BIODIVERSITY – 生命多樣性 … BIRDS – 鳥類 … FISH – 魚類 … FORESTS – 森林 … GEOLOGY – 地質 … HIKING – 徒步 … ISLANDS – 島嶼 … LAKES – 湖泊 … MARINE LIFE – 海洋生物 … MOUNTAINS – 山 … NATURE – 自然 … PARKS – 公園 … RIVERS – 河流

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PINGTUNG – 台灣 / 屏東縣

ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

環 境 及 自 然

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BIODIVERSITY – 生命多樣性

An endemic crab species found on the Alangyi Historic Trail (阿塱壹古道). Pingtung. (endangeredspeciesinternational.org)

  • Sure! Here’s an overview of the biodiversity in Pingtung County, Taiwan — one of Taiwan’s richest regions in terms of natural habitats and species diversity:

    🌿 Biodiversity in Pingtung County, Taiwan
    Pingtung County, located in southern Taiwan, has a varied landscape including mountains, coastal plains, wetlands, coral reefs, and tropical forests. This diversity of habitats supports an abundant variety of flora and fauna, many of which are unique to Taiwan or the region.

    🌱 Flora (Plants)
    Tropical and Subtropical Forests:
    Pingtung’s mountainous areas, including the Central Mountain Range and Kenting National Park, are rich in broadleaf and coniferous forests.
    Common tree species include Taiwan red cypress, camphor, banyan, palm species, and many endemic orchids and ferns.
    Mangroves and Coastal Vegetation:
    Extensive mangrove forests along the coastline, especially around Gaoping River estuary and Donggang.
    Coastal grasses, salt marsh plants, and seagrasses in coral reef areas.
    Agricultural and Cultivated Plants:
    Tropical fruits such as pineapples, bananas, and lychees are widely grown.
    Paddy fields and vegetable farms also provide habitat for some species.

    🐦 Fauna (Animals)
    Birds
    Over 300 bird species recorded, including:
    Black-faced Spoonbill, Egrets, Kingfishers, and Bee-eaters in wetlands and coastal areas.
    Forest birds like the Taiwan Blue Magpie, Formosan Laughingthrush, and Swinhoe’s Pheasant in mountainous zones.
    Mammals
    Native mammals include:
    Formosan macaque, civets, pangolins, and various bat species.
    Small mammals such as squirrels and rodents.
    Reptiles and Amphibians
    Diverse reptiles including tree lizards, snakes (some venomous), and turtles.
    Amphibians like various frog species inhabit forest streams and wetlands.
    Marine Life
    Coral reefs along Kenting National Park support colorful fish, sea turtles, and invertebrates.
    Coastal waters are rich in fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.

    🌍 Key Ecosystems Supporting Biodiversity
    Ecosystem
    Biodiversity Highlights
    Mountain Forests
    Endemic trees, pheasants, macaques, amphibians
    Wetlands and Estuaries
    Migratory birds, waterfowl, mangroves
    Coral Reefs
    Marine fishes, corals, sea turtles
    Agricultural Landscapes
    Pollinators, small mammals, some bird species


    ⚠️ Threats to Biodiversity
    Habitat loss due to urbanization, agriculture, and tourism development.
    Pollution from industry and farming runoff affecting water and soil quality.
    Overfishing and coral reef degradation.
    Climate change impacts, including typhoons, temperature changes, and sea-level rise.

    🌱 Conservation Efforts
    Kenting National Park: Taiwan’s first national park protecting forests, coral reefs, and wildlife.
    Wetland preservation projects, especially in Gaoping River estuary and Chaozhou Township.
    Environmental education and community engagement programs.
    Protected areas for endangered species and habitat restoration initiatives.
  • endangeredspeciesinternational.org – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung @ Endangered Species International . org
  • https://www.inaturalist.org – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.astrosafe.co – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
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  • https://www.travelking.com.tw – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwan.nps.gov.tw – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://conservation.forest.gov.tw – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://fps.npust.edu.tw – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
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  • endangeredspeciesinternational.org – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.warnasia.org – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://taiwaneverything.cc – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.pthg.gov.tw – Biodiversity in the culture of Pingtung

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BIRDS – 鳥 類

Pineapple fields are ideal Blue-breasted Quail habitat. Pingtung. (birdingaroundtaiwan.com)

  • Absolutely! Pingtung County is one of Taiwan’s top birding destinations, offering a rich variety of habitats—from coastal wetlands and mangroves to forests and agricultural fields—that attract a wide range of bird species. Here’s an overview of birding in Pingtung:

    🐦 Birding in Pingtung County, Taiwan
    Top Birding Spots
    1. Kenting National Park (墾丁國家公園)
    Highlights:
    Taiwan’s first national park, with diverse habitats including forests, coastal cliffs, and grasslands.
    Home to forest birds like the Taiwan Blue Magpie, Taiwan Barbet, and Black-naped Monarch.
    Good place to spot raptors, including the Crested Serpent Eagle.
    Best Time: Year-round, with spring and autumn migration periods especially good.
    2. Gaoping River Estuary (高屏溪口)
    Highlights:
    A critical stopover for migratory shorebirds and waterfowl.
    Species like the Black-faced Spoonbill, Eurasian Oystercatcher, and various sandpipers frequent this area.
    Extensive mudflats and mangroves provide excellent birdwatching opportunities.
    Best Time: Autumn and winter migration (October to March).
    3. Donggang Mangrove Forest (東港紅樹林)
    Highlights:
    Dense mangrove habitat with specialized birds such as the Mangrove Whistler and Collared Kingfisher.
    Also attracts migratory shorebirds and egrets.
    Best Time: Year-round.
    4. Chaozhou and Fangliao Wetlands
    Highlights:
    Important for waterbirds including herons, egrets, and ducks.
    Birdwatchers can observe species feeding and nesting in these rich wetland ecosystems.
    Best Time: Migration seasons and winter months.

    Notable Bird Species in Pingtung
    Type
    Examples
    Habitat
    Waterbirds & Shorebirds
    Black-faced Spoonbill, Great Egret, Eurasian Oystercatcher, Common Sandpiper
    Coastal wetlands, mudflats
    Forest Birds
    Taiwan Blue Magpie, Taiwan Barbet, Black-naped Monarch
    Forests, parklands
    Raptors
    Crested Serpent Eagle, Eastern Buzzard
    Forest edges, open fields
    Mangrove Specialists
    Mangrove Whistler, Collared Kingfisher
    Mangrove forests
    Passerines
    Various bulbuls, flycatchers, sunbirds
    Forests, gardens, agricultural areas


    Birding Tips for Pingtung
    Bring binoculars and a field guide for Taiwan birds.
    Visit coastal wetlands during low tide to see feeding shorebirds.
    Early mornings are best for bird activity, especially in forests and wetlands.
    Respect local regulations and avoid disturbing nesting or feeding birds.
    Join local birdwatching groups or guided tours for enhanced experience.

    Supporting Facilities and Events
    Some wetland areas have birdwatching platforms and trails (e.g., Gaoping Estuary).
    Kenting National Park Visitor Centers provide educational resources.
    Seasonal bird festivals and guided birdwatching tours are often organized by local conservation groups.
  • https://www.orientalbirdclub.org – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.naturalistjourneys.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.shanghaibirding.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://fieldguides.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
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  • https://birdingaroundtaiwan.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
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  • https://english.cw.com.tw – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
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  • https://www.birding2asia.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://eng.taiwan.net.tw – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.birdingpal.org – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.birdingintaiwan.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.bird.org.tw – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwantoday.tw – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://thespeckledhatchback.blogspot.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://focustaiwan.tw – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwan-panorama.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.tropicalbirding.com – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwan.nps.gov.tw – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://eng.taiwan.net.tw – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org – Birding in the culture of Pingtung
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FISH – 魚類

Ancient stone fishing weir. Penghu. (smithsonianmag.com)

  • Certainly! Here’s an overview of fishing in Pingtung County, Taiwan, covering both coastal and inland fishing opportunities, key species, and local practices:

    🎣 Fishing in Pingtung County, Taiwan
    1. Coastal and Marine Fishing
    Location: Along Pingtung’s extensive coastline, including popular fishing ports like Donggang (東港), Fangliao (枋寮), and Kenting (墾丁).
    Fishery Types:
    Commercial fishing: Boats harvest species such as tuna, mackerel, sardines, and grouper.
    Traditional small-scale fishing: Nets, traps, and line fishing targeting species like mullet, milkfish, and various reef fish.
    Aquaculture: Coastal fish farms raise milkfish, shrimp, and oysters in ponds and cages.
    Popular Species:
    Milkfish (虱目魚), a staple in southern Taiwan cuisine.
    Tuna, grouper, snapper, and coral reef fish.
    Shrimp, crabs, and shellfish.

    2. Inland and River Fishing
    Location: Rivers such as the Gaoping River (高屏溪), Donggang River (東港溪), and smaller streams.
    Species:
    Freshwater fish like carp, catfish, and tilapia.
    Recreational Fishing:
    Some rivers and reservoirs allow fishing for leisure.
    Local fishing clubs and events promote sustainable fishing practices.

    3. Fishing Ports and Markets
    Donggang Fishing Port:
    One of Taiwan’s busiest fishing ports, famous for its fresh seafood and fish auctions.
    Visitors can enjoy seafood restaurants and markets featuring locally caught fish and shellfish.
    Fangliao and Other Ports:
    Smaller fishing harbors supporting local fishermen and seafood sales.
    Seafood Markets:
    In towns and cities across Pingtung, fresh seafood markets offer daily catches.

    4. Environmental and Management Considerations
    Overfishing concerns in some coastal areas have led to regulations on catch sizes and fishing seasons.
    Efforts to promote sustainable aquaculture and reduce pollution from coastal development.
    Conservation of coral reefs and mangroves is important as they serve as fish nurseries.
  • _____ – Fishing in the culture of Pingtung

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FORESTS – 森林

Forest on Mt. Weiliao (尾寮山). Pingtung. (thenewslens.com)

  • Forests in Pingtung County, Taiwan
    1. Types and Distribution
    Tropical and Subtropical Forests:
    Pingtung has extensive forested areas, especially in the Central Mountain Range and Kenting National Park.
    Forest types range from lowland tropical rainforests to montane broadleaf and mixed coniferous forests at higher elevations.
    Common tree species include Taiwan red cypress (Chamaecyparis formosensis), camphor trees, banyan, ficus, and various palms and bamboo species.
    Mangrove Forests:
    Along coastal estuaries and tidal flats, such as the Gaoping River estuary and Donggang area, dense mangrove forests thrive.
    Mangroves like Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina provide important ecological functions.

    2. Ecological Importance
    Biodiversity Hotspots:
    Pingtung’s forests support a rich variety of plants and animals, including many endemic and endangered species such as the Formosan black bear, Taiwan blue magpie, and various rare orchids.
    The forests serve as crucial habitats for mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects.
    Watershed and Soil Protection:
    Forests in mountainous areas regulate water flow, prevent soil erosion, and maintain water quality for downstream agricultural areas and human settlements.
    Carbon Sequestration:
    Act as significant carbon sinks, helping mitigate climate change.

    3. Conservation and Management
    Kenting National Park:
    Protects vast areas of tropical forest, coral reefs, and coastal ecosystems.
    Includes protected zones for endangered species and areas for scientific research and environmental education.
    Mangrove Conservation:
    Efforts to protect and restore mangrove forests in coastal wetlands are ongoing to support fisheries and protect shorelines from erosion.
    Forest Restoration Projects:
    Reforestation and afforestation programs aim to restore degraded areas and promote sustainable forest management.

    4. Threats
    Deforestation and Land Use Change:
    Agricultural expansion, urbanization, and infrastructure development pose risks to forest habitats.
    Illegal logging and land clearing can also threaten biodiversity.
    Climate Change:
    Altered rainfall patterns and increased typhoon frequency may impact forest health.
    Invasive Species:
    Non-native plants and animals can disrupt native ecosystems.
  • _____ – Forests in the culture of Pingtung

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GEOLOGY – 地質

Central Geological Survey of Taiwan.  (moeacgs.gov.tw)

  • GEOLOGY – 地 質
  • Geology of Pingtung County, Taiwan
  • Pingtung County, located in southern Taiwan, exhibits diverse geological features shaped by tectonic activity, sedimentation, and coastal processes.
  • 1. Geological Setting
  • Part of the Taiwan orogenic belt, Pingtung lies at the convergence zone where the Eurasian Plate and Philippine Sea Plate collide.
  • This tectonic activity has created complex landforms including mountains, plains, and coastal terraces.
  • 2. Main Geological Units
  • Central Mountain Range foothills:
    • Eastern Pingtung features metamorphic and sedimentary rocks uplifted by tectonic forces.
    • Includes shale, sandstone, and slate formations dating from the Paleozoic to Mesozoic eras.
  • Pingtung Plain:
    • A broad alluvial plain formed by sediment deposits from rivers such as the Gaoping River.
    • Composed mainly of quaternary sediments: sand, silt, and clay layers.
    • Fertile soils support extensive agriculture.
  • Coastal and Marine Deposits:
    • Coastal areas have layers of beach sand, mudflats, and marine terraces.
    • These deposits result from fluctuating sea levels and sediment accumulation over time.
  • 3. Tectonic Activity and Seismicity
  • The region is seismically active due to plate convergence.
  • Earthquakes have shaped the landscape and continue to influence geological processes.
  • 4. Geomorphology
  • Mountainous terrain in the east with steep slopes and valleys.
  • Low-lying coastal plains and estuaries with extensive wetlands and mangrove forests.
  • 5. Natural Hazards
  • Earthquakes and landslides in mountainous zones.
  • Flooding and sedimentation challenges in river plains and coastal areas.
  • _____ – Geology of Pingtung

  • Mineral Resources of Pingtung – 屏東縣的礦產資源
  • Mineral Resources in Pingtung County
    1. Types of Minerals
    Construction Materials:
    Abundant deposits of sand, gravel, and crushed stone are found in riverbeds and alluvial plains, especially near the Gaoping River.
    These materials are extensively used for construction and infrastructure projects.
    Clay and Kaolin:
    Deposits of clay minerals used in ceramics and bricks occur in sedimentary basins and coastal plains.
    Other Minerals:
    Limited occurrences of limestone in the mountainous areas, utilized for cement production and construction.

    2. Mining and Extraction
    Most mineral extraction in Pingtung focuses on non-metallic minerals such as sand, gravel, and clay rather than metallic ores.
    Small-scale quarrying activities provide materials for local use.

    3. Environmental Considerations
    Mining and quarrying operations are regulated to minimize impacts such as land degradation, sedimentation, and water pollution.
    Efforts to restore and rehabilitate mined areas are ongoing.

    4. Economic Importance
    Mineral resources support local industries in construction, ceramics, and manufacturing.
    Sustainable management ensures continued availability for regional development.
  • _____ – Minerals in the culture of Pingtung

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  • HOT SPRINGS – 溫泉
  • Hot Springs in Pingtung County
    1. Wushih Hot Springs (五峰溫泉)
    Location: Near the town of Wutai (霧臺鄉), in the mountainous eastern part of Pingtung.
    Features:
    Natural hot springs rich in minerals like sulfur and sodium bicarbonate.
    The water is believed to have therapeutic properties, beneficial for skin and muscle relaxation.
    Setting:
    Situated in a forested, tranquil mountain environment, ideal for relaxation and nature appreciation.
    2. Chihpen Hot Springs (知本溫泉) — Nearby
    Although primarily in Taitung County, Chihpen is close enough to eastern Pingtung for visitors to consider it accessible.
    Famous for its alkaline waters and developed spa resorts.

    3. Characteristics of Pingtung Hot Springs
    Typically alkaline or sulfate-rich, depending on the geothermal source.
    Located mostly in mountainous or hilly areas with volcanic or tectonic activity.
    Facilities range from rustic public pools to modern resorts.

    4. Tourism and Health Benefits
    Hot springs attract tourists seeking wellness, relaxation, and scenic mountain views.
    Local resorts offer spa treatments, hot spring baths, and wellness programs.
  • hotspring.network.com – 溫泉泉質介紹 @ 旅遊資訊王
  • ettoday.net – 屏東四重溪溫泉 @ Ettoday
  • pingtung.hotspring.tw – 遊台灣屏東溫泉網
  • n22.com.tw – n22溫泉旅館

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  • VOLCANO – 火 山
  • Pingtung County itself does not have any active or dormant volcanoes within its territory. The region’s geology is shaped mainly by tectonic plate interactions and mountain-building processes rather than volcanic activity.
  • However, nearby areas in southern Taiwan, such as Green Island (Lüdao) and Orchid Island (Lanyu)—which are volcanic islands off the southeastern coast of Taiwan—do have volcanic origins and features. These islands are popular for their volcanic landscapes, hot springs, and unique geology.
  • In summary:
  • Pingtung County: No volcanoes within the county.
  • Nearby volcanic areas: Green Island and Orchid Island, known for volcanic formations and geothermal activity.
  • _____ – Volcano in the culture of PIngtung

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HIKING – 徒 步

Hiking the Alangyi Historic Trail along the Pacific Ocean in Pingtung. (taiwan-scene.com)

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ISLANDS – 島嶼

Turtle Island (Guishan Dao – 龜山島). Yilan. (volcano.si.edu)

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LAKES – 湖泊

Great Ghost Lake. Pingtung. The lake is regarded by the Lukai Tribe as a sacred place. It is the deepest natural high mountain lake in Taiwan, and difficult to reach due to the dangerous terrain. The area of the lake has great biological diversity and is considered to be an important habitat for wild animals. (taiwannews.com.tw)

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MARINE LIFE – 海洋生物

The Taiwan Fisheries Agency has established Marine Resource Conservation Zones for sustainable management of marine life. (fa.gov.tw)

  • MARINE LIFE – 海洋生物
  • _____ – Marine life in the culture of Pingtung

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  • AQUATIC LIFE – 水 生 生 物
  • _____ – Aquatic life in the culture of Pingtung

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MOUNTAINS – 山

Village of Wutai in the mountains of Pingtung County. (skyticket.com)

  • . Central Mountain Range (中央山脈)
    Pingtung’s eastern region is dominated by the rugged Central Mountain Range, which stretches north to south across Taiwan.
    These mountains feature steep slopes, deep valleys, and dense forests.
    The mountains here reach elevations of 1,000 to over 3,000 meters, though the highest peaks are mostly in neighboring counties.
    2. Notable Peaks in Pingtung
    Mount Xiuguluan (秀姑巒山):
    While mostly in Hualien County, its southern foothills extend toward Pingtung.
    Mount Fengshan (鳳山):
    A prominent peak within Pingtung, popular for hiking and nature observation.
    Other Peaks:
    Various smaller mountains and hills throughout Pingtung, especially in areas like Wutai and Sandimen, known for scenic trails and indigenous culture.
    3. Kenting Mountains
    The Kenting Peninsula features low mountains and hills with elevations generally below 500 meters.
    These coastal mountains have unique limestone formations, coral reefs nearby, and rich biodiversity.

    4. Ecological and Cultural Importance
    These mountains support diverse ecosystems including subtropical forests and endemic wildlife.
    Home to indigenous communities such as the Paiwan and Rukai peoples, with rich cultural heritage tied to the land.
    Popular for outdoor activities like hiking, birdwatching, and eco-tourism.
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  • taiwanese-secrets.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung – backgrounder
  • taiwaneverything.cc – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung – backgrounder
  • englishintaiwan.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung – backgrounder
  • thenewslens.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung – backgrounder
  • michaelturton.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung – backgrounder
  • skyticket.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung – backgrounder
  • keepon.com.tw – 屏東縣登山會 @ 登山補給站
  • ketty731.net – 爬山運動 @ Pixnet . net
  • xuite.net – 棚集下山、棚集山 @ Xuite . net
  • samshiue.com – 理想的小百岳 @ Blogspot . com
  • shelly8.net – 屏東來義丹林部落 @ Pixnet . net

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Mountains in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

  • Climbing in Pingtung – 屏東縣的登山
  • Rock Climbing in Pingtung County
  • 1. Climbing Areas
  • Pingtung is not as famous as northern or eastern Taiwan for large-scale rock climbing, but it offers some interesting spots, especially in the Kenting area and mountainous eastern regions.
  • The Kenting Peninsula features limestone formations and coastal cliffs that provide opportunities for bouldering and sport climbing, mainly suitable for intermediate climbers.
  • Some granite and sedimentary rock outcrops in the foothills and river valleys also attract local climbers.
  • 2. Types of Climbing
  • Bouldering: Short climbs on large rocks or boulders, popular in scenic natural areas.
  • Sport Climbing: Using fixed anchors on limestone cliffs, often near Kenting or foothill areas.
  • Traditional Climbing: Limited, but some routes exist on natural features in more remote areas.
  • 3. Best Seasons
  • The best times for climbing are during the cooler, drier months (autumn and winter), avoiding the hot, humid summers and typhoon season.
  • 4. Safety and Facilities
  • Climbing infrastructure is limited compared to Taiwan’s more developed climbing regions, so climbers should come prepared with gear and knowledge.
  • Some climbing spots may require local guides or permission from landowners, especially in indigenous territories.
  • 5. Nearby Alternatives
  • For more extensive rock climbing, climbers often travel to Taipei, Hualien, or Taichung where well-established climbing areas exist.
  • https://peakvisor.com – Climbing in Pingtung – 屏東縣的登山
  • https://taiwantrailsandtales.com – Climbing in Pingtung – 屏東縣的登山
  • https://www.alltrails.com – Climbing in Pingtung – 屏東縣的登山
  • https://topics.amcham.com.tw – Climbing in Pingtung – 屏東縣的登山
  • https://www.englishintaiwan.com – Climbing in Pingtung – 屏東縣的登山
  • https://recreation.forest.gov.tw – Climbing in Pingtung – 屏東縣的登山

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Climbing in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Climbing in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Climbing in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

NATURE – 自然

Long Keng Ecological Reserve (屏東 墾丁龍坑生態保護區). Pingtung. (tripadvisor.com)

  • Natural Scenic Areas in Pingtung – 屏東的自然景觀區
  • Kenting National Park (墾丁國家公園)
  • Taiwan’s oldest and most famous national park.
  • Features diverse landscapes: tropical forests, coral reefs, sandy beaches, limestone caves, and rugged coastal cliffs.
  • Popular spots include Eluanbi Lighthouse, Longpan Park, Maobitou (Cat Head Rock), and Chuanfan Rock.
  • Offers hiking trails, snorkeling, diving, and wildlife viewing.
  • 2. Gaoping River Estuary Wetlands (高屏溪口濕地)
  • Important wetland habitat near the mouth of Taiwan’s longest river, the Gaoping River.
  • Vast mudflats and mangrove forests provide shelter for migratory birds and marine life.
  • Birdwatching is a key activity, especially during migratory seasons.
  • 3. Donggang Mangrove Forest (東港紅樹林)
  • Dense mangrove area supporting rich biodiversity.
  • Boardwalks allow visitors to explore this unique ecosystem without disturbing wildlife.
  • 4. Maolin National Scenic Area (茂林國家風景區)
  • Extends into northern Pingtung, known for its mountainous terrain, deep valleys, and waterfalls.
  • Famous for butterfly migration events, especially the purple crow butterflies each autumn.
  • Home to indigenous communities and cultural experiences.
  • 5. Sandimen and Wutai Indigenous Scenic Areas (三地門、霧台)
  • Mountainous areas with beautiful forests, streams, and tribal villages.
  • Offers cultural tourism combined with nature exploration.
  • 6. Fangliao Coastal Scenic Area (枋寮海岸風景區)
  • Coastal area with rocky shores and sandy beaches.
  • Good for seaside walks, fishing, and experiencing local fishing village culture.
  • taiwan.net.tw – Maolin National Scenic Area @ Republic of China Tourism Administration website
  • taiwan.net.tw – Three day tour of Maolin National Scenic Area @ Republic of China Tourism Administration website

  • Shuangliu Forest Recreation Area (雙流森林遊樂區)
  • _____ – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung

  • Dawu Mountain (大武山)
  • _____ – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung

  • Jialeshui (佳樂水)
  • _____ – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung

  • Fuwan Butterfly Valley (福灣蝴蝶谷)
  • _____ – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung

  • Linbian & Fangliao Wetlands (林邊、枋寮濕地)
  • _____ – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung

  • Liuqiu Island (小琉球 / 琉球嶼)
  • _____ – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung

  • Mudan and Wutai Townships
  • _____ – Mountainous areas inhabited by Paiwan and Rukai indigenous communities.
  • _____ – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

  • Nature in Pingtung – 屏東縣的自然
  • Diverse Landscapes
    Mountains and Forests:
    The eastern part of Pingtung is dominated by the Central Mountain Range, with lush subtropical and tropical forests.
    These mountains harbor rich biodiversity, including endemic plants and wildlife.
    Coastal Areas and Beaches:
    Pingtung has a long coastline along the Taiwan Strait and the Bashi Channel, featuring sandy beaches, rocky shores, and coral reefs.
    The Kenting Peninsula is famous for its scenic coastal landscapes, cliffs, and coral reef ecosystems.
    Wetlands and Mangroves:
    Coastal wetlands, especially around the Gaoping River estuary and Donggang area, support mangrove forests and diverse aquatic life.
    These wetlands are critical for migratory birds and marine nurseries.

    2. Key Ecosystems and Biodiversity
    Tropical and Subtropical Forests:
    Home to a variety of tree species like camphor, banyan, palms, and many orchids.
    Wildlife includes Formosan macaques, Taiwan blue magpies, and a wide range of insects and amphibians.
    Coral Reefs and Marine Life:
    The waters around Kenting National Park are rich in coral reefs, supporting colorful fish, sea turtles, and other marine creatures.
    These reefs are among Taiwan’s most significant marine biodiversity hotspots.
    Wetlands and Migratory Bird Habitats:
    Important stopovers for migratory birds such as black-faced spoonbills, egrets, and shorebirds.

    3. Protected Areas
    Kenting National Park:
    Taiwan’s first national park, protecting terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
    Offers opportunities for hiking, snorkeling, wildlife observation, and environmental education.
    Gaoping River Estuary Wetlands:
    A designated wetland area important for bird conservation and fish breeding.
    Mangrove Conservation Sites:
    Areas focused on protecting and restoring mangrove forests.

    4. Environmental Challenges
    Urbanization and agriculture put pressure on natural habitats.
    Pollution and sedimentation affect coastal and river ecosystems.
    Climate change impacts coral reefs and wetland health.
  • _____ – Nature in the culture of Pingtung

  • Landscapes and Natural Features
  • _____ – Nature in the culture of Pingtung

  • Shuangliu Forest Recreation Area (雙流國家森林遊樂區)
  • _____ – Nature in the culture of Pingtung

  • Dawu Mountain (大武山)
  • _____ – Nature in the culture of Pingtung

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Nature in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Nature in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Nature in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

  • Environment of Pingtung – 屏東縣的環境
  • Environment of Pingtung County, Taiwan
    1. Natural Features
    Geography:
    Pingtung stretches from the Central Mountain Range in the east to the coastal plains and beaches along the western and southern coasts.
    Diverse ecosystems include tropical forests, wetlands, mangroves, coral reefs, and agricultural lands.
    Climate:
    Tropical and subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and mild winters.
    Influenced by monsoons and typhoons, which bring heavy rainfall and occasional storms.
    Biodiversity:
    Rich in plant and animal species, including many endemic and migratory species.
    Key habitats include Kenting National Park, Gaoping River estuary wetlands, and mangrove forests.

    2. Environmental Challenges
    Urbanization and Land Use Change:
    Expansion of cities, agriculture, and tourism infrastructure leads to habitat loss and fragmentation.
    Coastal development affects wetlands and mangroves.
    Pollution:
    Agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and sewage can degrade water quality in rivers and coastal areas.
    Marine pollution threatens coral reefs and marine life.
    Climate Change Impacts:
    Rising temperatures and sea levels affect coastal ecosystems and coral reefs.
    Increased frequency of typhoons causes soil erosion and habitat disturbance.

    3. Conservation Efforts
    Protected Areas:
    Kenting National Park safeguards terrestrial and marine habitats.
    Wetland conservation areas protect migratory bird habitats and fish nurseries.
    Mangrove Restoration:
    Programs aimed at restoring mangrove forests to protect shorelines and support biodiversity.
    Environmental Education and Community Involvement:
    Local NGOs and government agencies promote awareness and sustainable practices.
    Sustainable Tourism:
    Efforts to balance tourism with environmental protection, particularly in sensitive areas like Kenting
  • _____ – Environment in the culture of Pingtung

  • Landscapes and Natural Features
  • _____ – Environment in the culture of Pingtung

  • Environmental Protection and Conservation
  • _____ – Environment in the culture of Pingtung

  • Natural Ecosystems
  • _____ – Environment in the culture of Pingtung

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Environment in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Environment in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Environment in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

  • Ecology of Pingtung – 屏東縣的生態
  • Ecology of Pingtung County, Taiwan
    1. Ecosystems
    Tropical and Subtropical Forests:
    The eastern mountainous regions of Pingtung, part of the Central Mountain Range, are covered with dense forests.
    These forests support diverse flora such as camphor trees, banyans, ferns, orchids, and various palms.
    Provide habitat for mammals (e.g., Formosan macaques), birds, amphibians, and insects.
    Wetlands and Mangrove Forests:
    Coastal wetlands and estuaries, especially near the Gaoping River estuary, support mangrove forests dominated by species like Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina.
    These wetlands serve as nurseries for fish and crustaceans and are vital stopovers for migratory birds.
    Coral Reef Ecosystems:
    Along the Kenting coast, coral reefs harbor a rich diversity of marine life including reef fish, sea turtles, and invertebrates.
    Coral reefs provide essential ecological functions such as habitat formation, coastal protection, and nutrient cycling.
    Agricultural and Urban Landscapes:
    Paddy fields, orchards, and urban green spaces host secondary ecosystems with pollinators, birds, and small mammals adapted to human-altered environments.

    2. Species Diversity and Interactions
    Flora:
    High plant diversity with many endemic species.
    Plants play key roles in soil stabilization, water retention, and as food and shelter for animals.
    Fauna:
    Birds: Including forest species like the Taiwan blue magpie and migratory waterfowl.
    Mammals: Formosan macaques, civets, bats, and others inhabit forests and rural areas.
    Reptiles and Amphibians: Various snakes, lizards, frogs, and toads thrive in different habitats.
    Marine Species: Diverse fish, corals, and invertebrates in coastal and reef areas.
    Ecological Processes:
    Nutrient cycling through forest litter and marine detritus.
    Pollination by insects and birds supports plant reproduction.
    Predator-prey dynamics maintain population balance.

    3. Ecological Challenges
    Habitat fragmentation from agriculture and urbanization affects species movement and genetic diversity.
    Pollution and sedimentation impact aquatic and marine ecosystems.
    Climate change leads to shifts in species distribution and increased stress on coral reefs and forests.

    4. Conservation and Restoration
    Protected areas like Kenting National Park help preserve intact ecosystems.
    Mangrove restoration projects enhance coastal resilience.
    Environmental education promotes sustainable interactions between humans and nature.
  • https://peakvisor.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://trp.nlma.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.pingtungtour.com.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.tripadvisor.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://focustaiwan.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://eng.taiwan.net.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://overseas.ocac.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwannews.com.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://link.springer.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://free-apply.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.ptepb.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://eng.taiwan.net.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://isprs-archives.copernicus.org – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.travelking.com.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://renewablesroadmap.iclei.org – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.i-pingtung.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.iges.or.jp – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.pthg.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung

  • Marine Ecology of Pingtung – 屏東縣的海洋生態
  • _____ – Ecology of Pingtung

  • Important Ecological Sites:

  • Kenting National Park (墾丁國家公園)
  • _____ – Ecology of Pingtung

  • Dapeng Bay (大鵬灣)
  • _____ – Ecology of Pingtung

  • Shuangliu Forest Recreation Area (雙流國家森林遊樂區)
  • _____ – Ecology of Pingtung

  • Maolin National Scenic Area (茂林國家風景區) – part in Pingtung
  • _____ – Ecology of Pingtung

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Ecology in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

  • Conservation in Pingtung – 屏東縣的自然保育
  • Conservation in Pingtung County, Taiwan
    1. Protected Areas
    Kenting National Park:
    Taiwan’s first and one of its most important national parks, established in 1984.
    Protects diverse terrestrial and marine ecosystems including tropical forests, coral reefs, wetlands, and coastal areas.
    Focuses on habitat preservation, endangered species protection, and environmental education.
    Gaoping River Estuary Wetlands:
    Designated as important wetlands to conserve critical habitats for migratory birds and aquatic species.
    Efforts to maintain water quality and restore natural vegetation.
    Maolin National Scenic Area:
    Encompasses mountainous forests and indigenous communities, balancing conservation with cultural preservation.

    2. Species Protection
    Conservation programs target endangered and vulnerable species such as:
    Black-faced Spoonbill, a migratory bird using coastal wetlands as a stopover.
    Formosan pangolin and other mammals in forested areas.
    Various coral species in marine protected zones.

    3. Habitat Restoration
    Mangrove Restoration:
    Initiatives to replant and protect mangrove forests in coastal wetlands to stabilize shorelines, support fisheries, and enhance biodiversity.
    Forest Management and Reforestation:
    Reforestation projects to recover degraded forest lands, especially in mountainous regions.

    4. Community and Education
    Local governments and NGOs promote awareness through workshops, eco-tours, and citizen science projects.
    Indigenous communities are involved in sustainable land use and conservation practices, integrating traditional knowledge.

    5. Sustainable Tourism
    Promotion of eco-friendly tourism in Kenting and other natural areas to minimize environmental impact while supporting local economies.

    6. Challenges
    Balancing development and conservation needs amid population growth and tourism pressures.
    Addressing pollution and climate change impacts on ecosystems.
  • https://en.npust.edu.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://now.tufts.edu – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.studyintaiwan.org – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • zslpublications.wiley.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://en.npust.edu.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwan.nps.gov.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwantoday.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.ardswc.gov.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.taiwan-panorama.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://vr-kenting.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://taiwannews.com.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://abcnews.go.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.adata.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://focustaiwan.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • renewablesroadmap.iclei.org – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://overseas.ocac.gov.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://panorama.solutions – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.pthg.gov.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • taiwan-panorama.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://d.lib.msu.edu – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://gardensearch.bgci.org – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.pthg.gov.tw – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung
  • https://www.arbnet.org – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung

  • Conservation in Kenting National Park – 墾丁國家公園
  • _____ – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung

  • Sea Turtle Conservation
  • _____ – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung

  • Conservation in Linhousilin Forest Park – 林後四林平地森林園區
  • _____ – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung

  • Wetland & Bird Habitat Protection
  • _____ – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung

  • Donggang wetlands
  • _____ – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung

  • Linbian wetlands

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Conservation in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

PARKS – 公 園

Kenting National Park. Pingtung. (klook.com)

  • Parks in Pingtung – 屏東縣的公園

  • Kenting National Park (墾丁國家公園)

  • Kenting is Taiwan’s oldest national park, and is located on the southern tip of the Island of Taiwan. The park offers a mix of tropical forests, coral reefs, beaches, and unique geological formations. Popular activities include: hiking, snorkeling, wildlife watching, and beach relaxation.

  • Maolin National Scenic Area (茂林國家風景區)

  • Maolin NSA covers mountainous areas with rich forests. Several indigenous villages are located within its boundaries. The NSA is known for spectacular butterfly migrations, waterfalls, and hiking trails. Cultural experiences with Paiwan and Rukai indigenous communities are also offered within the NSA.

  • _____ – Maolin National Scenic Area (茂林國家風景區) in the culture of Pingtung

  • Gaoping River Estuary Wetland Park (高屏溪口濕地公園)

  • This is a wetland park focused on preserving migratory bird habitats and aquatic ecosystems. The park features birdwatching platforms and walking trails.

  • _____ – Gaoping River Estuary Wetland Park (高屏溪口濕地公園) in the culture of Pingtung

  • Shuangliu Forest Recreation Area – 雙流國家森林遊樂區
  • _____ – Parks in the culture of Pingtung

  • Linhousilin Forest Park – 林後四林平地森林園區
  • _____ – Parks in the culture of Pingtung

  • Liudui Hakka Cultural Park – 六堆客家文化園區
  • _____ – Parks in the culture of Pingtung

  • Longpan Park – 龍磐公園
  • travelking.com.tw – Longpan Park @ Travel King website

  • Kufuliao Park – 苦伕寮公園
  • taiwaneverything.cc – Kufuliao Park @ Taiwan Everything website

  • Donggang Mangrove Ecological Park (東港紅樹林生態公園)

  • This park is a protected area showcasing mangrove forests and coastal wetland ecosystems. Boardwalks and educational signage enable visitors to explore the park without disturbing wildlife.

  • _____ – Donggang Mangrove Ecological Park (東港紅樹林生態公園) in the culture of Pingtung

  • Fangliao Coastal Park (枋寮海岸公園)

  • This is a coastal park offering scenic views of the shoreline, fishing piers, and beach areas. The park offers opportunities for seaside walks, picnics, and fishing activities.

  • _____ – Fangliao Coastal Park (枋寮海岸公園) in the culture of Pingtung

  • Pingtung Forest Park (屏東森林公園)

  • Also known as Ahou Park, this is an urban park in Pingtung City with green spaces, walking paths, and ponds. The park is a popular spot for local recreation and appreciation of nature.

  • wikipedia.org – Pingtung Forest Park (屏東森林公園) @ Wikipedia . org (Chinese)
  • _____ – Pingtung Forest Park (屏東森林公園) in the culture of Pingtung

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Parks in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Parks in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Parks in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

RIVERS – 河 流

“Canyoning” in Pingtung County. (taiwantoday.tw)

  • Rivers in Pingtung – 屏東縣的河川

  • Pingtung County (屏東縣), located in the southernmost part of Taiwan, is home to numerous rivers that play a vital role in its agriculture, ecology, and landscape. These rivers flow from the Central Mountain Range and Hengchun Peninsula toward the Taiwan Strait or the Bashi Channel.

  • The principal rivers are listed below. Numerous other smaller rivers and streams originate in the eastern mountains, providing water resources and shaping local geomorphology. These watercourses support forests, wildlife, and local communities.

  • Like many parts of Taiwan, rivers in Pingtung face issues from typhoons, sedimentation, industrial discharge, and climate change-induced droughts and floods. Conservation efforts focus on riverbank restoration, sediment control, and sustainable agriculture.

  • Environmental and Ecological Importance:
  • The rivers of Pingtung provide freshwater habitats for fish, amphibians, and aquatic plants. Their floodplains and riverbanks offer fertile soil for agriculture. The downstream estuaries and wetlands serve as critical bird habitats and natural buffers against storms.

  • Challenges to the Management of rivers in Pingtung:
  • Pollution: Agricultural runoff, sewage, and industrial discharge can degrade water quality.
  • Sedimentation and Flooding: Heavy rainfall and typhoons cause sediment buildup and flood risks.
  • Habitat Disruption: River engineering and development can affect natural flow and ecosystems.

  • Conservation Efforts:
  • Ongoing protection of wetlands in the coastal estuaries.
  • Identification and implemention of appropriate pollution control measures.
  • Implementation of of riverbank restoration & flood management projects.

  • Gaoping River (高屏溪)
  • The Gaoping River is the Longest and most significant river in southern Taiwan, flowing through Pingtung into the Taiwan Strait. It originates from the Central Mountain Range, passing through mountainous terrain before reaching the coastal plains. The Gaoping River is vital for irrigation, drinking water, and supporting agriculture in Pingtung’s plains.
  • The Gaoping River Estuary forms important wetlands and mudflats that support rich biodiversity, including migratory birds.
  • https://www.wra.gov.tw – Gaoping River (高屏溪)
  • https://zh.wikipedia.org – Gaoping River Cable-Stayed Bridge @ Wikipedia . org
  • https://www.foreignersintaiwan.com – Gaoping River Old Iron Bridge @ Foreigners in Taiwan blog
  • https://www.youtube.com – Gaoping River (高屏溪)
  • https://www.flickr.com – Gaoping River (高屏溪)
  • https://coe.xmu.edu.cn – Gaoping River (高屏溪)

  • Linbian River (林邊溪)
  • _____ – Linbian River (林邊溪) in the culture of Pingtung

  • Donggang River (東港溪)
  • The Donggang River flows through the coastal area near Donggang Township. Irt’s water resources are important for local fisheries, irrigation, and wetland ecosystems.
    The downstream estuary area supports mangrove forests and diverse aquatic species.
  • _____ – Donggang River (東港溪) in the culture of Pingtung

  • Zhutian River (竹田溪)
  • The Zhutian River is a smaller river in the region. It flows through rural and agricultural landscapes.
  • _____ – Zhutian River (竹田溪) in the culture of Pingtung

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Rivers in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Rivers in the culture of Pingtung @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Rivers in the culture of Pingtung @ Google Images

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Click here to return to CloudBridge Project Home Page for Pingtung

Click here for links to Language & Peoples of Pingtung

Click here for links to Culture of Pingtung

Click here for links to Business in Pingtung

Click here for links to Travel in Pingtung

For links to Environment & Nature in Pingtung . . . . .

. . . . . please scroll up through this page.

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NOTE : This site contains links to our ”favorite” and “most useful” websites . . . but the CloudBridge Project does not endorse or guarantee any of the products or services available through the links on the pages of this website.

本站包含了我們的 “最愛” 以及 “最有用” 的網站連結，但雲橋語文計劃並不保證其連結的有效性或對其背書.

Welcome to send us an email with your thoughts or comments:

欢迎用电子邮件的方式分享您的意见和建议:

Email: CloudBridgeTaiwan@gmail . com

LATEST PAGE UPDATE: July 24 , 2025
最後一次更新時間為:  2025 / 07 / 24

Copyright ©2021 CloudBridge Project. All rights reserved.
版權所有 ©2021 雲橋語文計劃. 保留所有權利.