LANYU – ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

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台灣 / 臺東縣 / 紅頭嶼 – 環境 及 自然

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Location of the Island of Taiwan in East Asia
( ontheworldmap.com )

The Island of Taiwan
& Penghu, Kinmen & Matsu Islands
Also shown are:
Green Island ( Lu Dao ) & Orchid Island ( Lan Yu )
( cia.gov )

Location of Orchid Island (Lan yu)
near the Island of Taiwan
( borneoficus.info )

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Links to individual topics for LANYU – ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

are presented on this site in the following categories :

ENVIRONMENT & NATURE – 環境 及 自然

BIODIVERSITY – 生命多樣性 … BIRDS – 鳥類 … FISH – 魚類 … FORESTS – 森林 … GEOLOGY – 地質 … HIKING – 徒步 … ISLANDS – 島嶼 … LAKES – 湖泊 … MARINE LIFE – 海洋生物 … MOUNTAINS – 山 … NATURE – 自然 … PARKS – 公園 … RIVERS – 河流

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Click here to return to the CloudBridge Home Page for Orchid Island

Click here for links to Language & Peoples of Orchid Island

Click here for links to Culture for Orchid Island

Click here for links to Business for Orchid Island

Click here for links to Travel for Orchid Island

For links to Environment & Nature of Orchid Island. . . . .

. . . . . please scroll down through this page.

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ORCHID ISLAND (LAN YU)

台灣 / 臺東縣 / 紅頭嶼

ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

環 境 及 自 然

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BIODIVERSITY – 生 命 多 樣 性

Thick legged fiddler crab. Lanyu
( taipeitimes.com )

  • Biodiversity on Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中生命多樣性的角色

  • Lanyu (Orchid Island) is one of Taiwan’s most biologically unique places. Located southeast of the main Island of Taiwan in the path of the warm Kuroshio Current, the island combines tropical rainforest, volcanic mountains, coral reefs & rich marine ecosystems in a relatively small area. Because of its isolation, many species evolved separately & are found nowhere else on Earth. One of the most remarkable features of Lanyu is that it is Taiwan’s only true tropical rainforest environment. The island’s hot, humid climate supports dense forests filled with orchids, ferns, pandanus trees, and tropical coastal plants that are uncommon or absent on Taiwan’s main island. The island was renamed “Orchid Island” because of its famous native orchids, especially wild moth orchids. Scientists have documented around 65 orchid species on Lanyu with many considered threatened or extremely rare.

  • Several animals are endemic to Lanyu, meaning they exist nowhere else. Examples include: (i) the Lanyu scops owl; (ii) the Rhinogobius lanyuensis; (iii) unique reptiles and bird populations adapted to the island’s forests and coastline; and (iv) the freshwater goby Rhinogobius lanyuensis which has recently received stronger legal protection in Taiwan because its habitat has been threatened by typhoons, waterway construction, and environmental change.

  • The marine biodiversity around Lanyu is extremely important. Coral reefs ring much of the island and support tropical fish, sea turtles, reef organisms, and migratory species carried northward by the Kuroshio Current. The island is especially famous for flying fish migrations, which are central both ecologically and culturally.

  • A major reason Lanyu still retains much of its biodiversity is the traditional ecological knowledge of the indigenous Tao people (also called Yami). For centuries, the Tao developed seasonal fishing systems, rituals, and taboos that effectively limited overfishing and protected breeding cycles. During flying fish season, certain fish species are harvested while reef fish are avoided, helping marine populations recover naturally. The Tao calendar divides the year according to ecological cycles: (i) waiting season; (ii) flying fish season; and (iii) reef fishing season. This traditional system acts almost like a community-based conservation program. Modern researchers increasingly recognize these customs as sophisticated environmental management practices rather than superstition.

  • Lanyu faces environmental pressures. Tourism, climate change, stronger typhoons, invasive species & habitat disturbance threaten some native ecosystems. Another long-standing issue is the controversial nuclear waste storage site established on the island in the 1980s, which many Tao residents have opposed for decades.

  • Today, Lanyu is viewed as: (i) a biodiversity hotspot of tropical Taiwan; and (ii) a living example of indigenous ecological stewardship The island has even been proposed as one of Taiwan’s potential World Heritage Sites because of the combination of natural ecosystems and Tao cultural traditions.

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Biodiversity in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中生命多樣性的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Biodiversity in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中生命多樣性的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Biodiversity in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中生命多樣性的角色 @ Google Images

BIRDS – 鳥 類

Xigu Lagoon (七股潟湖) Conservation Center
celebrates endangered bird species in Tainan
( taiwannews.com.tw )

  • Birding on Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中鳥類的角色

  • _____ – Birding in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中鳥類的角色
  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Birding in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中鳥類的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Birding in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中鳥類的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • google.com – Birding in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中鳥類的角色 @ Google Images

FISH – 魚 類

Ancient stone fishing weir. Penghu. (smithsonianmag.com)

  • Fishing on Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中魚類的角色

  • _____ – Fishing in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中魚類的角色

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Fishing in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中魚類的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Fishing in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中魚類的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • google.com – Fishing in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中魚類的角色 @ Google Images

FORESTS – 森 林

Xinhua National Forest Arboretum (新化國家植物園)
Tainan
( tainancity.com )

  • Forests on Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中森林的角色

  • _____ – Forests in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中森林的角色

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Forests in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中森林的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Forests in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中森林的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • google.com – Forests in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中森林的角色 @ Google Images

GEOLOGY – 地 質

Central Geological Survey of Taiwan
( moeacgs.gov.tw )

  • Geology of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中地質的角色

  • _____ – Geology in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中地質的角色

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Geology in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中地質的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Geology in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中地質的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Geology in the culture of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼文化中地質的角色 @ Google Images

  • Mineral Resources of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼礦產資源

  • _____ – Mineral Resources of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼礦產資源

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Mineral Resources of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼礦產資源 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Mineral Resources of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼礦產資源 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Mineral Resources of Orchid Island – 紅頭嶼礦產資源 @ Google Images

  • Hot Springs in Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色

  • twtainan.net – Gueidan Hot Spring Pool(龜丹溫泉體驗池) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Hot Spring(關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • taiwan.net.tw – Guanziling Hot Springs @ Republic of China Tourism Administration website

  • wikipedia.org – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉) @ Wikipedia . org
  • getmetotaiwan.com – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Get me to Taiwan blog
  • taiwanhotspring.net – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Taiwan Hot Spring . net

  • nickkembel.com – A Guide to Guanziling Mud Hot Spring in Tainan @ Nick Kembel Travels website (Fantastic site !!!)
  • travelking.com.tw – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Travel King website
  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Siraya National Scenic Area website

  • klook.com – Top Tainan Hot springs @ Klook . com
  • tripadvisor.com – Guanziling Hot Spring @ Trip Advisor website
  • nickkembel.com – The Ultimate Beitou Hot Spring Guide (2025 info) @ Nick Kembel’s Travels (Great website !!!0

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Hot Springs in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Hot Springs in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Hot Springs in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色 @ Google Images

  • Volcano in Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Volcano in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Volcano in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Volcano in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色 @ Google Images

HIKING – 徒 步

Hiking in the culture of Tainan
( lydiascapes.com )

  • Hiking in Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色

  • Tainan has a variety of hiking options — from gentle trails to more challenging ridgelines: (i.) Diverse terrain. Tainan offers everything from hills overlooking reservoirs and low ridgelines, to forested trails and more rugged slopes; (ii.) Scenery + culture. Many hikes are close to traditional villages, reservoirs, mountain temples, and even hot springs. So a hike to enjoy nature can be mixed with an experience involving local culture & food traditional foods; (iii.) Good seasons: While summers can be hot & humid (with typhoon risk), spring & autumn are great for hiking. Winter in the hills is mild compared to Taiwan’s higher mountains.

  • Guanziling Trail System
    Medium; one of the routes includes “Da Feng Mountain” (~1241 m). From the TuTu Gong Temple to the peak is about 3 km one-way, round trip takes ~4-6 hrs. After the hike you can dip in Guanziling’s famous mud hot springs. Forested mountain scenery and good elevation gain.

  • Meiling Trail System
    Several routes; some more relaxed, some tougher. Highest point is Zhuzijianshan (~1,110 m). E.g. Wulong Trail is relatively gentle. ─ From Wulong to Zhuzijian is maybe ~3.5 km in one direction on some segments. Pleasure hikes with views over the plain, chance for both easy walking and more strenuous ridgeline. Great for sunrise / sunset or forest walks.

  • Wushan (Wu Mountain) Hiking Trail System
    Long & varied. The full trail is ~12 km north-south and takes about 9-10 hrs if you do the whole section. It’s a ridge trail / long connector. Very scenic, varied terrain. Many hikers pick partial segments for a shorter hike.

  • Kantou Mountain Trail (崁頭山步道)
    Moderate; ~2.3 mi (~3.7 km) loop, ~1h40m to complete. Elevation & difficulty manageable. Good choice if you want a shorter hike. Nice forest / views, less commitment.

  • Mount Liuyi (Liuyi Shan), Nanhua
    Harder; ~3.7 mi (~6 km) out & back, ~2.5-3 hrs. Elevation gain ~1,443 ft (~440 m). More effort but rewarding vistas, a good workout.

  • https://www.twtainan.net – Wushan Hiking Trail System (烏山登山步道系統) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • https://www.twtainan.net – Meiling Hiking Trail (梅嶺登山步道) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • alltrails.com – Best trails in Tainan City @ All Trails . com

  • alltrails.com – Photos of Tainan City forest trails @ All Trails . com
  • forest.gov.tw – Mt. Kantou Trail @ Nature & Conservation Agency of Taiwan Ministry of Agriculture
  • hikingproject.com – Hiking trails near Tainan @ Hiking Project . com

  • twtainan.net – Wushan Hiking Trail System (烏山登山步道系統) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan Government
  • gaiagps.com – Best hiking trails in Tainan City @ GaiaGPS . com
  • forest.gov.tw – Mt. Liuyi Trail – Kaohsiung @ Nature & Conservation Agency of Taiwan Ministry of Agriculture

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Hiking in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Hiking in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Hiking in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色 @ Google Images

ISLANDS – 島 嶼

Turtle Island (Guishan Dao – 龜山島). Yilan. (volcano.si.edu)

  • Islands in Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色
  • Because of the natural sediment movement along the coast of Tainan, some land is gradually being built up, creating “silt islands” or mudflats that may become islands or connected land. Yuguang Island is one such relatively recent example.

  • Here are some details about the islands and island-like landforms in Tainan :

  • Yuguang Island (漁光島, “Yu-Guang” / “Yu-guang Dao”) is located off the coast of Anping District, Tainan City. Connected by a short bridge to the mainland. Attractions & Features: (i) Boardwalks through forested parts. (ii) Moon Bay beach for walking, photo-shoots, sunsets, (iii.) Oyster farming / aquaculture, (iv.) The Saba Milkfish Museum, and (v.) Homestays / B&Bs are available for an overnight stay.
  • Yuguang Island is easy to access from the mainland via a bridge. The island is a great spot for relaxing by the sea, beach walks, photography (especially sunsets), water sports (kayaking, paddle boarding), local seafood / milkfish cuisine & learning about aquaculture / oyster farming. The mix of wetlands, mangroves, tidal flats & silt islands offers habitats for birds & intertidal ecology. The island offers visually dramatic scenery at low tide or sunset. Because the island contain abundant coastal, silt & tidal areas, the water levels, tides & general weather situation will affect visibility, safety & enjoyment.
  • Anping “Island” (安平島) : This is a special case! Anping is often referred to as an “island” in some descriptions because the Anping Canal goes around it. But in practice, it is integrated with the mainland. Attractions in the An Ping district include : Old streets, an historical Dutch fort (Fort Zeelandia), treehouse ruins, the port, food vendors and restaurants. Because of its history and location by the sea, many island-like features in Anping are tied to its maritime trade, its canals & the historic salt trade.
  • Taijiang National Park. The coastal strip just north of Anping includes a complex of estuaries, tidal flats, mangrove swamps, small islands or silt islands, old canals & fish / oyster farms. It’s not all “islands” proper but many natural features created by sediment, tides, and human use.

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Islands in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Islands in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Islands in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色 @ Google Images

LAKES – 湖 泊

Coral Lake (珊瑚潭). Tainan
( sygic.com )

  • Lakes in Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色
  • Many lakes in the region are reservoirs that have been constructed for irrigation, municipal water supply & flood control. They often double as recreational areas.
    Variations in precipitation between the rainy & dry seasons have a strong influence on the water levels in these impoundments. Some smaller reservoirs have been known to dry up during years of drought.

    Key Lakes / Reservoirs in & near Tainan :
  • Wushantou Reservoir (烏山頭水庫), also called Coral Lake Reservoir, scenic lake-reservoir Lioujia & Guantian Districts, Tainan. Supplies water, irrigation; major tourist attraction. Lots of islands (over 100), hiking and boating, parks, memorials (Yoichi Hatta). Very scenic.
  • Nanhua Reservoir / Dam (南化水庫) Dam & reservoir. Nanhua District, Tainan. Supplies water (for Tainan, also Kaohsiung in some parts), also a leisure area. There’s a park, eco-park, water-park, and other facilities around.
  • Baihe Reservoir (白河水庫)
    Reservoir
    Baihe District, Tainan
    Provides water for agriculture / local use. Has been affected by drought (even drying out in dry spells). Wikipedia
  • Hutoupi Scenic Area (Hutoupi Reservoir / 虎頭埤)
    Reservoir / scenic lake
    Xinhua District, Tainan. Historically built (1846) for irrigation. Now a scenic park: lake, pavilion, bridge, recreation, camping etc. Wikipedia
  • Kunshan Lake / Jiyu Lake (崑山湖 / 鯽魚潭 / Dong Lake / Long Lake)
    Lake (lagoon / formed from former lagoon area)
    Yongkang District, Tainan. Has multiple names; known for high yield of crucian carp. Offers lakeside scenery in an urban/suburban setting. Tainan Travel
  • Tainan Science Park Ecological Lakes (Daoye Lake, Xiake Lake, Yinxi Lake)
    Artificial / ecological – lakes / ponds
    Xinshi District, Tainan (Science Park area). Part of green-space / ecological landscaping. Bird watching, walking paths, pretty spots for visitors.

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Lakes in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Lakes in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Lakes in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色 @ Google Images

MARINE LIFE – 海 洋 生 物

The Taiwan Fisheries Agency has established Marine Resource Conservation Zones for sustainable management of marine life. (fa.gov.tw)

  • Marine life in Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色

  • twtainan.net – Natural Ecosystems @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park (台江國家公園) – website
  • nmmba.gov.tw – Taiwan National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium – website
  • expedia.com -Tainan travel guide @ Expedia . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Marine life in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Marine life in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Marine life in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色 @ Google Images

  • Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色
  • _____ – Aquatic life in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色 @ Google Images

MOUNTAINS – 山

Qigu Salt Mountain. Tainan
( taiwan.net.tw )

  • Mountains in Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • Tainan has a varied topography. Much of the west is flat plains. Hills & modest mountains rise in the east & south, offering nice hiking, forest, scenic views & a contrast to the coastal/urban areas.

  • At low altitudes, the vegetation covering Tainan’s mountains is composed of broad-leaf forest containing bamboo and other forest cover. As elevation rises, the terrain has a cooler climate & the accompanying vegetation becomes more lush.

  • Some mountain hiking trails offer views of the plains, reservoirs & sea views depending on location.

  • In Guanziling, there are mud hot springs. It is a popular activity to combine hiking & a visit to the hot springs.

  • Meiling is noted for its forest of plum blossoms in the winter months, which draws many visitors.

  • Key Mountains & High Peaks in Tainan :

  • Dadong Mountain (大凍山, sometimes “Datong Mountain / Dadongshan”) rises to a height of ~1,241 meters and is the highest peak in Tainan. It is located in the Guanziling area. The Dadong Mountain Trail is popular. It climbs from Ziyun Hall at Xianzu Temple through low-altitude broad-leaved forest and bamboo groves. The time to complete the trail hike is about 3-5 hours.

  • Zhuzijianshan (竹子尖山 / Zhuzijian Mountain) rises to 1,110 meters at the triangulation point on the Meifeng Historic Trail. This trail is part of the Meiling Hiking Trail System. A hike along the train offers good views, especially of the Tsengwen Reservoir & there are several trail options.

  • Lupingshan rises to ~432 meters. Luping Mountain is less high but still scenic. It is located in Gaoyuan Village in Tainan’s Dongshan District.

  • Shantou Mountain (崁頭山) ~844 meters. In Dongshan District. Trails are well-marked; several entrances; scenic views; local points of interest like “stone toad” rock and “pagoda furnace” rock formations.

  • Wushan (烏山) Hiking Trail System: The trail is about 12 km in length. A full traverse can be completed in about 9-10 hours. The peak elevations are not as high as Dadong but the trail does present a substantial hiking challenge. The is a mix of steep & gentle slopes in Nanhua Township between Tainan & Kaohsiung.

  • Hiking Trail Systems & Scenic Spots :

  • Guanziling Mountain Trail System includes multiple routes: Datong line (to Dadongshan), Jiulong Mountain line, Jilong Mountain line, Fulong line, Pillow Mountain route etc. These vary in difficulty, distance, scenery (forest, ridge, sometimes steep sections).

  • Meiling Trail System (梅嶺登山步道) has several trails (Wulong, Meifeng, Guanyin, Meilong etc.), good for shorter hikes or blossoms during certain seasons.

  • Wushan Trail as is longer, more strenuous for day-hikes etc. Good for people who want a more serious hike experience.

  • twtainan.net – Jinshali Pink Shower Tree Trail @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Mountain Trail System (關子嶺登山步道系統) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Wushan Hiking Trail System(烏山登山步道系統) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website

  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Dadong Mountain Trail (關子嶺大凍山步道) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • tainan.gov.tw – Dadongshan (Dadong Mountain) @ Tainan City Baihe District Office website
  • twtainan.net – Meiling Hiking Trail(梅嶺登山步道) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website

  • twtainan.net – Qigu Salt Mountain(七股鹽山) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • travelintaiwan.net – Walks on Tainan’s Natural Side @ Travel in Taiwan e-zine
  • taiwan.net.tw – Qigu Salt Mountains @ Republic of China Tourism Administration website

  • taiwaneverything.cc – Tainan by the Sea, Tainan in the Hills @ Taiwan Everything blog
  • nationalgeographic.com – 10 Majestic Mountain Wonders of Taiwan @ National Geographic website
  • taiwanhikes.com – The Complete Guide to Hiking Taiwan’s Southern Three Stars: Discover Guanshanlingshan @ Taiwan Hikes blog

  • taiwanhikes.com – The Complete Guide to Hiking Taiwan’s Southern Three Stars: Discover Taguanshan @ Taiwan Hikes website
  • alltrails.com – Falcon Point – Zhuzi Jianshan Loop @ All Trails website
  • wikipedia.org – Mount Tao (桃山) @ Wikipedia . org

  • mapcarta.com – Douliu Shan @ Map Carta website
  • 8car.com.tw – Sightseeing spots in Southern Taiwan you can’t miss @ TTrips website
  • tripjive.com – Explore Day Trips from Tainan: History & Nature @ Trip Jive website

  • skyticket.com – Incredible Things to Do in Tainan @ Sky Ticket . com
  • taipeitimes.com – Highways and Byways: The mountain of six martyrs
  • mytour.vn – Exquisite Destinations Ideal for Backpacking in Tainan @ My Tour Blog (Vietnam)

  • topographic-map.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • topographic-map.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • mapcarta.com – Sankan Shan @ Map Carta . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色 @ Google Images

  • Climbing in Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色

  • twtainan.net – Meiling Hiking Trail (梅嶺登山步道) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Dadong Mountain Trail(關子嶺大凍山步道)
  • forest.gov.tw – Guanziling-Mt. Dadong Trail @ Republic of China Forestry & Nature Conservation Agency website

  • forest.gov.tw – Mt. Kantou Trail @ Republic of China Forestry & Nature Conservation Agency website
  • alltrails.com – Best trails in Tainan @ All Trails . com
  • alltrails.com – Dadong Peak @ All Trails . com

  • goteamjosh.com – Mountain climbing @ Josh Ellis photography blog
  • peakery.com – Peaks & climbs in Tainan @ Peakery . com (Terrific site !!!)
  • mountainproject.com – Rock climbing in Taiwan @ The Mountain Project website
  • angloinfo.com – Rock climbing & mountaineering in Taiwan @ Angloinfo . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Climbing in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Climbing in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Climbing in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色 @ Google Images

NATURE – 自 然

Taiwanese Cypress Trees. Len Feng Ying (林鳳營落羽松).
(twtainan.net)

  • Natural scenic areas in Tainan – 臺南市文化中公自然景區角色

  • taiwaneverything.cc – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • maolin-nsa.gov.tw – Maolin National Scenic Area – website
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • tripzilla.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwannews.com.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com.hk – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.co.za – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • travelking.com.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwan.net.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan @ Google Images

  • Nature in Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色

  • twtainan.net – Taiwanese Cypress ( 林鳳營落羽松 ) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan Government
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • tripadvisor.com – Nature & Parks in Tainan @ Trip Advisor . com
  • twtainan.net – Natural Ecosystems in Tainan @
  • tripadvisor.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • trip.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwannews.com.tw – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • reformatt.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • atlasobscura.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwan.net.tw – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwan-scene.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色 @ Google Images

  • Environment in Tainan – 臺南市文化中環境的角色

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Environment in the culture of Tainan @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Environment in the culture of Tainan @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Environment in the culture of Tainan @ Google Images

  • Ecology of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色
  • Geography & Key Ecosystems :
  • Coastal Wetlands & Mangroves
    Tainan’s western coast has extensive wetlands and mangrove forests (e.g. in Taijiang National Park, Sicao/Sihcao Wetlands).
    Mangrove species include Avicennia marina, Kandelia candel, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora stylosa, among others.
    These ecosystems are important for sediment stabilization, coastal protection, nurseries for marine species, and habitat for migratory bird species.
  • Riverine and Estuarine Areas
    Zengwen River mouth is a major wildlife habitat.
    Rivers bring fresh water, sediments, nutrients, which shape coastal and wetland ecosystems.
  • Bird Habitats & Migratory Routes
    The area is a stopover / wintering ground for migratory birds including endangered species like the Black-faced Spoonbill.
    Major wildlife habitat zones: Sicao (Sihcao) Major Wildlife Habitat in Annan District.
  • Terrestrial Ecosystems
    While Tainan is largely flat in its coastal plains, there are also agricultural zones (rice paddies, etc.), riparian zones along rivers, and small forested patches. These support various flora and fauna.
  • Biodiversity & Species :
  • Flora: Mangrove species (as above), salt marsh plants, coastal species that tolerate saline / brackish water, and species adapted to sandy or saline soil like Ipomoea pes-caprae, Scaevola hainanensis, etc.
  • Birds: Many water birds, migratory species. Examples: spoonbills, various shorebirds and waders.
  • Mammals / Other Fauna: Mammal diversity in coastal/low-lying areas is lower; many of the mammals are species tolerant of disturbance.
  • Threats & Environmental Challenges :
  • Pollution
    Soil dioxin contamination: The Anshun Plant in Luermen has been a serious case.
    River pollution: Some rivers like Erren, Yanshui, Kushui suffer from wastewater discharges, cross-jurisdictional pollution, etc.
  • Land Use Change & Habitat Loss
    Reclamation, industrial development (industrial parks, technology parks) threaten wetlands.
    Salt fields, fish ponds have been changed over time. While some ecological services remain, many ecosystems get fragmented.
  • Climate Change & Sea-level Rise
    Coastal areas are sensitive to sea-level rise. Increased storm frequency/intensity could impact mangroves, wetlands. (While not always detailed specifically for Tainan, these are known issues for Taiwan’s coasts.)
    Also changes in rainfall patterns can affect river flow, sediment deposition, freshwater availability.
  • Air Quality
    Tainan has episodes of poor air quality, in part due to weak winds, upwind pollution sources.
  • Conservation & Management :
  • Protected Areas & Wildlife Habitats
    Sihcao/Sicao Wetlands is protected; included in Taijiang National Park.
    Zengwen River Mouth declared a Major Wildlife Habitat.
    Sicao Major Wildlife Habitat (includes river/swamp ecosystems) also protected.
  • Ecological Education & Citizen Participation
    Jacana Ecological Education Park in Guantian District is an example of local community + bird conservation / education.
  • Regulation and Monitoring
    Enforcement of air quality maintenance zones; monitoring of pollution in rivers.
    Soil contamination cases are increasingly recognized and managed.
  • – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色
  • https://www.tjnp.gov.tw
  • https://taiwaneverything.cc
  • youtube.com – Ancient Tainan fishing village launches new ecological tour boat @ Taiwan News on You Tube
  • https://www.tjnp.gov.tw
  • https://asc.tainan.gov.tw
  • https://www.tripadvisor.com
  • https://www.tripadvisor.com
  • https://www.tripadvisor.ca
  • https://www.annan.gov.tw
  • https://www.goteamjosh.com
  • https://www.nickkembel.com
  • https://www.twtainan.net
  • https://en.wikipedia.org
  • https://www.travelking.com.tw
  • https://www.twtainan.net
  • https://www.twtainan.net
  • https://www.swcoast-nsa.gov.tw
  • https://www.twtainan.net – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • https://www.annan.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.tjnp.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.annan.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://taiwaneverything.cc – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://eng.taiwan.net.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://edurank.org – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://lifeoftaiwan.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.tripadvisor.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.trip.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.swcoast-nsa.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://eego.moenv.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://tainancity.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.twtainan.net – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://conservation.forest.gov – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • tainancity.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan @ Tainan City . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色 @ Google Images

  • Conservation in Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色
  • Key Protected Areas & Habitats
    Taijiang National Park
    Established in 2009, covering about 393.1 km² (≈49 km² land, 344 km² marine). Wikipedia+1
    Includes mangrove forests, lagoon/coastal wetlands, fish ponds, mudflats. taiwan.nps.gov.tw+2Wikipedia+2
    Plays dual role of ecological protection and preserving cultural/historical landscape (salt farming, local communities) alongside nature. taiwan.nps.gov.tw
    Sicao Wetlands / Sicao Wildlife Refuge
    About 515.1 hectares. 自然保育網+2Wikipedia+2
    Home to mangroves, salt marshes, fish ponds; many migratory bird species from Asia & Australia. 自然保育網+2Tainan Travel+2
    Included in Taijiang National Park. taiwan.nps.gov.tw+1
    Zengwen River Mouth / Qigu Area
    Tainan City Zengwen River Mouth North Bank Black-faced Spoonbill Refuge (~300 ha) for protection of migratory birds, especially the endangered Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor). 自然保育網
    Also a Major Wildlife Habitat area around the river mouth, flood protection/dike zones, etc. (~634 ha). 自然保育網
    Jacana Ecological Education Park (Guantian)
    Smaller, more local project. Focused on the pheasant-tailed jacana and is used for ecological education. Wikipedia

    Conservation Programs & Policies
    Environmental Volunteerism & “Green Office” Programs
    Tainan engages many environmental volunteer teams (thousands of people) who work on cleanups, maintenance, ecological awareness. UN-Habitat
    The Green Office program pushes energy conservation, waste reduction, ecological landscaping, sustainable procurement across institutions and schools. gold.uclg.org
    Air Quality Maintenance Zones
    Tainan is designating zones (around universities, hospitals, port/commercial areas) where vehicles must meet emission / inspection standards. This is to reduce air pollution in densely populated or sensitive zones. en.sdg.ncku.edu.tw
    Rejection of Industrial Park Plans on Environmental Grounds
    The Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) has rejected plans to build or expand industrial parks when they threaten habitats or increase flood risk. For example, a proposed green energy industrial park in Rende was rejected due to habitat concerns for protected bird species. Taipei Times

    Challenges
    Habitat Loss / Encroachment
    Pressure from development (industrial parks, infrastructure, urban expansion) threatens wetlands, dikes, estuaries. Ensuring protected status doesn’t get eroded by development is an ongoing tension. taiwan.nps.gov.tw+1
    Balancing Conservation with Local Livelihoods
    Salt farming, fish ponds, tourism are part of the local economy. Sometimes conflicting interests arise (economic vs conservation). Taijiang National Park is often cited as a model of trying to balance these. taiwan.nps.gov.tw
    Climate / Natural Disasters
    Typhoons, flooding, sea‐level rise affect coastal wetlands. Disaster preparedness (e.g. drills, infrastructure, environmental response) is part of conservation/planning. moenv.gov.tw
    Pollution / Air Quality
    From traffic, industry, port operations. The air quality zones are part of mitigating this. en.sdg.ncku.edu.tw

    Recent Developments & Successes
    “Wildlife Education Exemplar Award” to the Tainan Wild Bird Society (as of 2024) for work in rescue, bird habitat protection, esp. black-faced spoonbill. 自然保育網
    ICC Tainan (convention center) built with green / sustainable design: native plantings, solar power, reduced energy consumption. 大台南會展中心
    Progress on establishing more air quality maintenance zones (third phase announced, coming into effect ~Nov 2024). en.sdg.ncku.edu.tw
    Promotion of reuse / recycling in municipal / cultural heritage contexts: e.g. use of reclaimed building materials, replacing plastic or harmful materials in traditional aquaculture (oyster farming etc.).

  • fftc.org.tw – Current status & trends in Taiwan’s Biodiversity & Conservation Policies @ Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian & Pacific Region website
  • tainan.gov.tw – International Travel Website Lists Tainan As One Of The World’s Top Ten Sustainable Tourism Destinations @ Tainan Government website
  • unhabitat.org – Tainan City Sustainable Development Goals @ United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) website

  • ardswc.gov.tw – Tainan Branch, Agency of Rural Development and Soil and Water Conservation @ Ministry of Agriculiture website
  • annan.gov.tw – Natural attractions in Annan District @ Annan District Office of Tainan City website
  • taiwaneverything.cc – Tainan’s natural side @ Taiwan Everything blog

  • forest.gov.tw – Tainan City Sicao Major Wildlife Habitat @ FOrestry & Nature Conservation Agency of the Republic of China website
  • twtainan.net – Sicao Wildlife Refuge (四草野生動物保護區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City government website
  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Neopu Mudstone Area Soil and Water Conservation Park @ Siraya National Scenic Area website

  • novacircle.com – Taiwan Blackface Spoonbill Conservation Association website
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Blackface Spoonbill population today @ Taijiang Nationsl Park HQ website
  • taiwan-panorama.com – The Black-Faced Spoonbill’s Second Home @ Taiwan Panorama e-zine

  • tjnp.gov.tw – History of Taijiang: Human, Wetland & Black-Faced Spoonbill @ Taijiang National Park – 台江國家公園 website
  • twtainan.net – Black-faced Spoonbill Reserve(黑面琵鷺保護區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City government website
  • revival.com.tw – Revival Environmental Industry Co., Ltd. website

  • taipeitimes.com – Eco-parks to aid Taoyuan & Tainan @ Taipei Times website
  • taipeitimes.com – EPA again rejects industrial park plan for Tainan @ Taipei Times website
  • taipeitimes.com – Tainan urges water conservation as warning issued @ Taipei Times website

  • taiwannews.com.tw – Tainan opens new reclaimed water education center in Anping @ Taiwan News website
  • taiwanplus.com – Tainan City Pushes for Land Crab Conservation @ Taiwan Plus website
  • taiwaninsight.org – Community-based Biodiversity Monitoring of Satoyama Species in Central Taiwan @ Taiwan Insight e-zine

  • taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw – Safe Havens: Taiwan’s wildlife refuges are ensuring the survival of some of the country’s most endangered species @ Taiwan Review e-zine
  • taiwantoday.tw – Three treasured birds graceTainan’s wetlands @ Tainan Today e-zine
  • taiwannews.com.tw – Rare migrating swans seen in southern Taiwan @ Taiwan News website

  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Jacana Ecological Education Park @ Siraya National Scenic Area website
  • wikipedia.org – Jacana Ecological Education Park – 水雉生態教育園區 @ Wikipedia . org
  • satoyamainitiative.org – A Case Study in Community Conservation: Reviving a Pheasant-tailed Jacana Population by Ensuring the Survival of the Socio-Economic Landscape in Guantian, Tainan, Taiwan @ Satoyama Initiative website

  • besgroup.org – The Jacana Fields of Taiwan (A Lesson in Conservation & Advocacy) @ Bird Ecology Study Group website
  • https://wli.wwt.org.uk – Pheasant-tailed Jacana Conservation Park @ Wetland Link International website
  • taipeitimes.com – Ministry promoting tours to jacana park in Tainan @ Taipei Times website

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Conservation in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Conservation in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Conservation in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色 @ Google Images

PARKS – 公 園

Tai Jiang National Park (台江國家公園). Tainan. (taiwan-scene.com)

  • Parks in Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色

  • Tainan features a diverse range of parks, from the historical 100-year-old Tainan Park in the city center to the sprawling coastal wetlands of Taijiang National Park. Tainan parks range from large reserves for natural heritage areas, to green nature spaces to urban parks. There are traditional Chinese gardens, modern family-friendly playgrounds & scenic nature trails.

  • TAIJIANG NATIONAL PARK ( 台江國家公園 ) is a major national park. Within the boundaries of the park is a significant wetlands complex & coastal ecosystem. Important natural features inlude: mangroves, salt-fields (e.g. Qigu salt fields), bird watching areas (including black-faced spoonbills), tidal flats, sandbars & lagoon areas. The park includes lands along the western Tainan coastline from Yanshui River to Zengwen River along with intertidal coastal areas & sea zones.

  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • wikipedia.org – Taijiang National Park @ Wikipedia . org
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • taiwan.net.tw – Taijiang National Park @ Taiwan Tourism Administration – website

  • Tainan Metropolitan Park (台南都會公園). Large urban / metropolitan park with museum and lake. Big pond, swans, water birds, open green spaces, relaxing walks, close to nature inside city area.

  • Hutoupi Scenic Area (虎頭埤風景區). Scenic reservoir park; history & nature. Lake/reservoir, scenic walking, pavilion, suspension bridge, camping, BBQ, bicycle rental etc.

  • Jacana Ecological Education Park (水雉生態教育園區). Ecological / bird-watching education park. Pheasant-tailed jacanas, bird habitat, nature observation, educational value.

  • Soulangh Cultural Park (蕭壠文化園區). Cultural / nature mix. Former sugar factory turned into a cultural park, museums, art events, green open spaces.

  • Barclay Memorial Park (巴克禮公園). Urban park. Lots of trees, green spaces, paths, photogenic, relaxing, seasonal foliage etc. Located very centrally.

  • Tainan Park (aka Zhong Shan / Jhongshan Park). Historic urban park. Very old, lots of heritage trees, fountains, ponds, pavilions, footbridges, calm in city center.

  • Nanying Green Heart Park (No. 5 Park, 南瀛綠都心5號公園). City park / “green heart” type. Local gathering place, open lawns, sculptures, spaces for community events, walk-friendly paths.

  • Sicao Green Tunnel (四草綠色隧道)

  • pm0315.com.tw – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) – (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • taiwanobsessed.com – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) @ Nick Kembel’s Taiwan Obsessed . com (Terrific site !!! … )
  • nickkembel.com – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) @ Nick Kembel’s Travels – website
  • rtaiwanr.com – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) – Mangrove Forest in Taijiang National Park @ Round Taiwan Round . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Parks in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色 @ Google Scholar . com
  • youtube.com – Parks in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Parks in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色 @ Google Images

RIVERS – 河 流

Liuchuan River (綠川). Taichung. (taichung.gov.tw)

  • Rivers in Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色

  • Most rivers in Tainan flow generally east to west, from the central or southern highlands toward the Taiwan Strait. The flat land of the Chianan (Ji-Anan) Plain is strewn with a dense network of rivers, irrigation channels & waterways. Many of these have been altered by human interventions – dams levees, irrigation ditches . The term for this is “hydromodification”. There are concerns in these flat areas about flow management, levees & flood risk especially during typhoons and heavy rain. Also the lower portions of the rivers are estuaries which are sensitive ecological areas and habitat for waterfowl and migratory birds.

  • wra.gov.tw – Rivers and Regulation of the 6th River Management Bureau @ The Republic of China the Water Resources Agency Sixth River Management Branch website
  • wra.gov.tw – Affiliated Agencies of the Water Resources Agency @ The Republic of China the Water Resources Agency website

  • The Zengwen River (曾文溪) (also spelled Tsengwen) is the longest river in Tainan & the fourth longest in Taiwan. It flows for approximately 146 kilometers (90.7 miles) from its source in the Alishan Mountains of Chiayi County through Tainan & eventually empties into the Taiwan Strait. The river mouth includes river & swamp ecosystems recognized for their biodiversity and important wildlife habitat.

  • Jishui River (嘉義溪 / Jìshuǐ Xī)b~ 65 km. Has tributaries including the Baishuei River (白水溪). Flows through parts of Tainan and into the Taiwan Strait.

  • Yanshui River (鹽水溪, Yánshuǐ Xī)b~ 41 km. The estuary has wetlands; part of Taijiang National Park. Flows roughly east-to-west through Tainan; enters the Taiwan Strait around Anping/Annan.

  • Baishuei River (白水溪, Bái-shuǐ Xī)b~ 20 km. Tributary of Jishui River; has a reservoir (Baihe Reservoir) upstream. Lies in Tainan, feeding into Jishui.

  • Houku River (後堀溪) ~ 51 km. A major tributary of the Zengwen River; includes dams (e.g. Nanhua Dam) that supply drinking water for other regions. Drains parts of Tainan, Chiayi and Kaohsiung regions; meets Zengwen River around Yujing, Tainan.

  • Erren River (二仁溪, Èrén Xī)b~ 65 km. Shares some jurisdictional issues (crosses boundaries); faces pollution issues. Flows into Taiwan Strait; part of the water-system of Tainan and adjacent Kaohsiung areas.

  • tkcc.tnc.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • dutchnews.nl – Exhibition on Tainan River Basin at Tainan Art Museum @ Dutch News website

  • wistron-foundation.org– 25 Years of the Erren River: Evolving from ‘Black Dragon River’ to Ecological Paradise @ Wistron Foundation website
  • protectedplanet.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • researchgate.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • en-academic.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • dbpedia.org – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • rentechdigital.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • wra.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • businesswire.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • businesswire.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • ardswc.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • forest.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • globalcovenantofmayors.org – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • researchgate.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • pristine.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • twtainan.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .

  • scholar.google.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色 @ Google Images

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Click here to return to the CloudBridge Home Page for Orchid Island

Click here for links to Language & Peoples of Orchid Island

Click here for links to Culture for Orchid Island

Click here for links to Business for Orchid Island

Click here for links to Travel for Orchid Island

For links to Environment & Nature of Orchid Island . . . . .

. . . . . please scroll up through this page.

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NOTE : This site contains links to our ”favorite” and “most useful” websites . . . but the CloudBridge Project does not endorse or guarantee any of the products or services available through the links on the pages of this website.

本站包含了我們的 “最愛” 以及 “最有用” 的網站連結，但雲橋語文計劃並不保證其連結的有效性或對其背書.

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LATEST PAGE UPDATE: May 09, 2026
最後一次更新時間為:  2026 / 05 / 09

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