TAINAN – ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

台灣 / 臺南市 – 環境 及 自然

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Location of the Island of Taiwan in East Asia
( ontheworldmap.com )

The Island of Taiwan
& Penghu, Kinmen & Matsu Islands
Also shown are:
Green Island ( Lu Dao ) & Orchid Island ( Lan Yu )
( cia.gov )

Location of Tainan on the Island of Taiwan
( wikipedia.org )

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Links to individual topics for TAINAN – ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

are displayed on this page in the following categories :

ENVIRONMENT & NATURE – 環境 及 自然

BIODIVERSITY – 生命多樣性 … BIRDS – 鳥類 … FISH – 魚類 … FORESTS – 森林 … GEOLOGY – 地質 … HIKING – 徒步 … ISLANDS – 島嶼 … LAKES – 湖泊 … MARINE LIFE – 海洋生物 … MOUNTAINS – 山 … NATURE – 自然 … PARKS – 公園 … RIVERS – 河流

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TAINAN – 台灣 / 臺南市

ENVIRONMENT & NATURE

環 境 及 自 然

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BIODIVERSITY – 生 命 多 樣 性

Taiwan Biodiversity Research Center
adds rare spotted lobster to Taiwan species list
( focustaiwan.tw )

  • Biodiversity in Tainan – 臺南市文化中生命多樣性的角色

  • Tainan is located in the southern part of the Island of Taiwan. The ecosystems of Tainan County include coastal, riverine, wetland, mangrove, saltpan, marsh, agricultural & estuarine environments. Tainan County has a wide variety of habitats which accompany these ecosystems.

  • What Makes Tainan’s Biodiversity Special ?

  • Tainan County sits at a confluence of land, sea & river ecosystems. Wetlands & estuaries, especially around the mouths of rivers like Zengwen, are particularly important. They support salt fields, fish ponds & mangroves. The estuaries & wetlands along the coast of Tainan County act as key stopovers for migratory birds traveling between Asia & Australia.

  • Salt marshes, mangrove swamps & mudflats form parts of the coastal interface with the Formosa Staits in Tainan County. Mangrove forests are present along the coastal lagoons & in sea-coast fringe areas. Mangrove forests are relatively rare globally & their presence in Tainan is ecologically valuable, since they serve as nursery grounds for juvenile aquatic species, assist with carbon sequestration & help with shoreline protection.

  • Taiwan in general has many endemic species. Thje ecosystems in Tainan contribute hatitat to support some of these, such as endemic insects, amphibians &mollusks.

  • Local human livelihoods, such as fishermen & salt farmers, are tied closely to the health of Tainan’s wetland ecosystems,. Tainan County has recognized its opportunities for co‐management of natural resouces for economic use & ecotourism.

  • With such a wide variety of ecosystems, there is also a diverse assemblage of key species, as well as a variety of issues related to the conservation of species.

  • Challenges & Threats in managing biodiversity :

  • Habitat disturbance and loss: Coastal development, industrial parks, conversion of land for aquaculture or salt fields can all threaten wetlands with destruction or reduce their quality.

  • Pollution: Rivers with poor water quality flowing into wetlands & modification of water flow or tidal regimes can disturb mangroves & wetland ecosystems.

  • Invasive & non‐native species may compete or hybridize, such as among birds, or otherwise degrade habitats.

  • Climate change: Sea‐level rise is a particular concern for coastal & mangrove areas. Climate change is also associated with increasing storm intensity & with impacts on migratory bird patterns.

  • Balancing livelihoods & conservation: Traditional local fisheries, salt fields & shellfish harvesting need to coexist with conservation goals. Projects in Taijiang National Park show some ways forward by collaborating with fishers in managing resources related to biodiversity.

  • Key Species & Endemics :

  • Zhangixalus arvalis: A treefrog species endemic to western/southwestern Taiwan, present in Tainan as well.

  • Lyonsia taiwanica: A bivalve (a kind of mollusk) living in mangrove swamp near Tainan.

  • Anomala kanshireiensis: A beetle species discovered in 2022, known only from Tainan.

  • Birds: Many migratory species use Tainan’s wetlands. Some species are threatened or rare, like the black‐faced spoonbill.

  • Plants: Mangrove species (Avicennia marina, Kandelia obovata, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora stylosa) are part of Taijiang / Sihcao / coastal ecosystems.

  • Protected Areas & Conservation Measures :

  • Sicao (Sihcao) Wetlands / Sicao Wildlife Refuge: This area (~515 ha) is a major wetland refuge, with mangroves, saltpans, marshes. It is frequently visited by migratory birds (over 160 species recorded).

  • Zengwen River Mouth Major Wildlife Habitat: A protected wetland/swamp area (~634 ha) in Tainan County.

  • Taijiang National Park: Incorporates coastal wetlands, salt fields, river mouths. It has projects to involve locals/fishers in sustainable practices (for example eco‐friendly fish ponds, shellfish harvesting with restrictions). There are also “Major Wildlife Habitats” designated in Tainan, to protect river/swamp/estuary ecosystems.

  • twtainan.net – Natural Ecosystems @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • annan.gov.tw – Natural attractions @ Tainan City Government Annan District Office website
  • inaturalist.org – Tainan species @ iNaturalist website

  • iges.or.jp – 2023 Tainan City Sustainable Development Goals Voluntary Local Reviews @ Institute for Global Environmental Studies
  • gold.uclg.org – Tainan City Sustainable Development Goals @ Global Observatory on Local Democracy & Decentralization

  • bird.org.tw – Pheasant-tailed Jacana Conservation Park (PTJCP) in Tainan @ Taiwan Wild Bird Federation (中華民國野鳥學會) website
  • wwt.org.uk – Pheasant-tailed Jacana Conservation Park @ Wetland Link International website
  • taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw – A Bird’s life in Tainan City’s Guantian District @ Taiwan Review e-zine

  • springer.com – A phasianid bird from the Pleistocene of Tainan: the very first avian fossil from Taiwan @ Journal of Ornithology
  • satoyamainitiative.org – A Case Study in Community Conservation: Reviving a Pheasant-tailed Jacana Population by Ensuring the Survival of the Socio-Economic Landscape in Guantian, Tainan, Taiwan @ The Santoyama Initiative website

  • forest.gov.tw – Tainan County Zengwen River Mouth Major Wildlife Habitat @ Forest & Conservation Agency of the Republic of China
  • forest.gov.tw – Tainan City Sicao Major Wildlife Habitat @ Forest & Conservation Agency of the Republic of China
  • wikipedia.org – Sicao Wetlands – 四草 @ Wikipedia . org
  • keybiodiversityareas.org – Sitsao Wildlife Refuge @ Key Biodiversity Areas . org

  • taipeitimes.com – New visitor center for Taijiang National Park (台江國家公園) reflects its habitat
  • worldarchitecture.org – The Habitat of Biodiversity- Taijiang Visitor Center in Taiwan @ World Architecture Community website
  • taiwan-scene.com – The Tainan that Is More than History: Taijiang National Park @ Taiwan Scene e-zine

  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website (Chinese)
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website (English)
  • moc.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park @ Republic of China Ministry of Culture website

  • tjnp.gov.tw – Ecological resources @ Taijiang National Park website
  • twtainan.net – Taijiang Ecological Culture Zone(台江生態文化園區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • taipeitimes.com – New endemic fish species found in national park @ Taipei Times website

  • taipeitimes.com – Southern Taiwan embraces nature @ Taipei Times website
  • taipeitimes.com – Entomologist finds new beetle species endemic to Taiwan
  • taipeitimes.com – ‘Rare’ crested myna released by Tainan Wild Bird Society

  • wikipedia.org – Zhangixalus arvalis is a species of frog that is endemic to western & southwestern Taiwan. It is routinely called the farmland green treefrog. @ Wikipedia . org
  • wikipedia.org – Lyonsia taiwanica is a bivalve. It lives in mangroves @ Wikipedia . org
  • wikipedia.org – Anomala kanshireiensis is a species of beetle. It is endemic to Taiwan @ Wikipedia . org

  • mofa.gov.tw – Taiwan’s Natural Treasures—Getting Citizens Involved in Preserving Biodiversity @ New Southbound Policy portal of the MInistry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China
  • researchgate.net – A study in the relationship between greenery of urban parks and bird diversity in Tainan City, Taiwan @ Proceedings Sustainable City Conference 2008
  • swcoast-nsa.gov.tw – Tainan Salt Pan Eco-village @ Southwest Coast National Scenic Area website

  • TAINAN ZOO
  • wikipedia.org – Wanpi World Zoo – 頑皮世界野生動物園 @ Wikipedia . org
  • twtainan.net – Wanpi World Safari Zoo (頑皮世界野生動物園) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Biodiversity in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生命多樣性的角色@ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Biodiversity in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生命多樣性的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Biodiversity in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生命多樣性的角色 @ Google Images

BIRDS – 鳥 類

Xigu Lagoon (七股潟湖) Conservation Center
celebrates endangered bird species in Tainan
( taiwannews.com.tw )

  • Birding in Tainan – 臺南市文化中鳥類的角色

  • gaiadiscovery.com – Racing to spot birds on Taiwan’s southwest coast @ Gaia Discovery . com
  • alltrails.com – Best bird watching trails in Tainan City @ All Trails . com
  • ebird.org – Tainan Hu Shan Forest Area ( 台南 – 虎山林場 ) @ eBird . org

  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – 台江國家公園 – website
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Black-faced Spoonbill Bird-Watching Pavilion @ Taijiang National Park website
  • tncghb.gov.tw – Come to Tainan for a limited winter bird watching itinerary: Black-faced Spoonbill x Black-bellied Tern x Cormorant @ Medical Tour Taiwan – website

  • taiwannews.com.tw – Experts say birds not suffering from heat in Tainan @ Taiwan News website
  • taiwantoday.tw – Three treasured birds grace Tainan’s wetlands @ Taiwan Today e-zine
  • tainan.gov.tw – Black-faced spoonbill – The most valuable species of Taijiang National Park and Cigu @ Cigu District Office of Tainan City Government

  • alltrails.com – Photos of Tainan City bird watching trails @ All Trails website
  • twtainan.net – Black-faced Spoonbill Reserve (黑面琵鷺保護區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government
  • taiwan.net.tw – Black-faced Spoonbill Reserve @ Tourism Administration of the Republic of China website

  • rti.org.tw – Tainan’s migratory black-faced spoonbills surpass 1,500 in latest count @ Radio Taiwan International News website
  • avibase.bsc-eoc.org – Tainan @ Avibase – Bird Checklists of the World
  • taiwan-panorama.com – Meet Our Feathered Friends: Birding in Tainan @ Taiwan Panorama e-zine

  • twtainan.net – Mangrove Bird-Watching Area (紅樹林賞鳥區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government
  • ebird.org – Tainan City @ eBird Taiwan website
  • tainancity.com – Lakeside Water Bird Park @ Tainan City website
  • tripadvisor.in – Tainan bird watching @ Trip Advisor website

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Birding in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中鳥類的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Birding in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中鳥類的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • google.com – Birding in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中鳥類的角色 @ Google Images

FISH – 魚 類

Ancient stone fishing weir. Penghu. (smithsonianmag.com)

  • Fishing in Tainan – 臺南市文化中魚類的角色

  • Tainan is on the southwest coast of Taiwan. It has a mix of coastal fishery resources, including: (i.) aquaculture (fish & shellfish farming); (ii.) natural populations in lagoons, estuaries, intertidal zones & salt fields; and (iii.) recreational fishing & tourism fishing. Fishing & related aquaculture are important economically & culturally due to the geography of Tainan (flat plains, coast, tidal flats).

  • There is a strong local economy in Tainan for the sale of fresh fish, shrimp & clams, and in the processing of marine products such as dried shrimp & mullet roe. There have been recent expansions of export activity, particularly for tilapia.

  • What is it like for a fisherman in Tainan?

  • There are abundant opportunities for shoreline fishing from piers & embankments); from boats leaving from small harbors; and in “leisure fishing ponds”.

  • Fresh seafood markets: Many fishing harbors have fresh catch auctions or markets. In some areas it is possible to purchase fish from the fresh harvest and have local restaurants cook them.

  • Some fishing spots offer visitor experiences such as: oyster roasting, lagoon boat rides, stepping on sandbars & walking on salt fields.

  • Some regulatory, environmental and social issues to be aware of :

  • Pair trawling & nearshore trawling bans: To protect fish stocks, certain types of fishing (e.g. pair trawlers) are banned or restricted nearshore (within 12 nautical miles in many cases). There have been protests in Tainan about trawlers being allowed in close to shore for “research.” Fishermen claim it damages juvenile fish, the seabed, lowers local catch.

  • Conservation of species: Taiwan has laws protecting certain marine species (e.g. sharks). Vessels are required to report accidental catches of protected species.

  • Aquaculture & habitat impacts: Salt fields, tidal flats, lagoons can be fragile ecosystems. Balance is needed between aquaculture, salt farming, wild fisheries & environmental health.

  • Export and infrastructure: Jiangjun is building or has built aquatic processing/logistics infrastructure tied to export. This suggests a growing scale and market pressure for harvest of seafood resources.

  • Major Fishing Areas & Harbors in Tainan :

  • Jiangjun Fishing Harbor (將軍漁港). One of the larger modern fishing harbors in Tainan’s northern coast. It also handles seafood market, distribution, auctions. Daily auction (~2:00 PM). Seafood sales. It’s also a hub for tilapia export.

  • Longshan Fishing Harbor (龍山漁港), in Qigu District. More scenic, with lagoons, oyster farms, shrimp, clams. Also tourism‐oriented. Tour boat rides over lagoons, stepping onto sandbars (“uninhabited island” experience), fresh oysters for roasting, aquaculture ponds around for buying fish/shrimp.

  • Qingshan Fishing Harbor / Qingshan (Qingkunshen) fishing village. Smaller, more village‐scale fishing and aquaculture; known for dried shrimp, mullet roe, milkfish. Good for local seafood culture.

  • Oyster Fishing Harbor (Beimen District). Harbor and lagoons behind sandbars; sheltered; mild sea conditions; focused more on oysters/shellfish farming.

  • Recreational / Relaxed Fishing Spots. There are places like embankments, piers, ponds / fishing ponds (“釣場”), estuarine ponds. E.g. the “溪南村休閒塭釣場” in Longshan Village is a pond/lease fishing area. Also, the North Embankment (Anping) is a spot where anglers fish off piers or embankments.
  • Some of the main aquatic products and fish in Tainan include:

  • Tilapia — Tainan produces large volumes; recent export of tilapia (whole fish and pre‐cooked fish belly) to Singapore was noted.
  • Milkfish (虱目魚 / “shi mu yu”) — Popular locally, raised in ponds/aquaculture.
  • Mullet roe (wuyuzih), dried shrimp, oysters, clams, shrimp etc. are also important.
  • Shellfish / oysters — The lagoon / estuarine environments are suitable; many oyster farms.

  • taipeitimes.com – Taiwan taking steps to curb illegal fishing @ Taipei Times newspaper
  • rentechdigital.com – List of Fishing stores in Tainan @ Smart Scrapers website
  • focustaiwan.tw – Tainan exports 5 tons of Taiwan tilapia to Singapore @ Focus Taiwan website
  • theoutlawocean.com – The Outlaw Ocean Project portal for Taiwan

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Fishing in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中魚類的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Fishing in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中魚類的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • google.com – Fishing in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中魚類的角色 @ Google Images

FORESTS – 森 林

Xinhua National Forest Arboretum (新化國家植物園)
Tainan
( tainancity.com )

  • Forests in Tainan – 臺南市文化中森林的角色

  • Tainan isn’t usually thought of first when people talk about forests, on the Island of Taiwan; but, there’s a bit of natural, forested & semi-forest ecological value in and around Tainan.

  • Ecological / Conservation Importance of forests in Tainan :

  • Biodiversity: Even smaller patches of forest or mangrove hold many species of plants, birds, insects. Especially in the wetland and mangrove areas, there are species that depend on those habitats.

  • Coastal protection: Mangrove forests help protect against erosion & buffer storm surge.

  • Cultural / Recreational value: Many of the forested or wooded areas are enjoyed by locals and visitors for hiking, seasonal viewing (e.g. autumn leaves), birdwatching.

  • Restoration / afforestation: There are efforts (both private and governmental) to reforest or maintain green cover in places that had been used for farming or other non-forest uses.

  • Challenges : (i.) Urban expansion, agriculture, and development can fragment forests; (ii) Pollution (air, water) and invasive species can affect forest health; (iii.) Climate change (typhoons, changing rainfall) can stress forests, especially near coast or in hills.

  • Here are options for visitors who are interested in exploring forests or near-forest ecological areas in Tainan :

  • Go to Taijiang National Park (especially the mangroves and wetlands) for a mix of forest-wetland scenery and birdlife.

  • Visit Lin Feng Ying Cypress Forest if you want scenic tree rows, especially in seasons when foliage changes.

  • Try Hongyeh Park / Red Leaf Park in autumn for autumn colors among maples/poinsettias. Another option is to explore the hills around Tainan, possibly combining forested walking trails with visits to cultural sites.

  • Types of Forest / Green Ecosystems in Tainan :

  • Mangrove forests / coastal wetlands. Along the coast and river mouths, Tainan has mangrove swamps. These are ecologically important for many reasons: buffering the coast, ocean/rain influence, & habitat for many bird species.

  • Riparian woods, pond-side trees, and smaller “forest patches”. There are smaller patches of trees, cypress or other species planted or native, around ponds, along small waterways, in parks. Some are intentionally planted (for scenery or restoration), others are natural. For example, a Taiwanese cypress forest near Liujia (“Lin Feng Ying”) has become a seasonal attraction.

  • Hillside / foothill woodland / forested parks. Where the plains begin to rise, or where private land has been afforested, you see more typical forest cover. One example is the Chuan Wenshan Forest Ecological Conservation Farm, which used to be mango farm but has been transformed into a forested area with big trees and walking paths.

  • Forest-like urban parks. There are parks with dense trees, boardwalks, shaded walkways, bridges. These are not wilderness, but they offer forest ambience and are important for recreation, local microclimate, biodiversity. Huxingshan Park is one such example.

  • Taijiang National Park. Coastal / wetland region in southwest-Tainan
    Includes wetlands and mangrove areas, salt fields; important for birds and ecological diversity.

  • Sihcao Wetlands (四草濕地). Annan District. Mangrove, canals, salt marshes. Ecologically rich.

  • Jacana Ecological Education Park. Guantian District. A park focusing on birdlife; forested patches, wetlands.

  • Lin Feng Ying Taiwanese Cypress Forest. Liujia. Rows of Taiwanese cypress by a pond; nice for seasonal foliage and photography.

  • Chuan Wenshan Forest Ecological Conservation Farm. Tainan outskirts / foothills. Private forest farm with large trees, transformation from agricultural land.

  • Hongyeh Park (Red Leaf Park). Baihe, in or near Guanziling Hot Springs area. Maple forest reserve; beauty especially in autumn when leaves change color.

  • Huxingshan Park. Forested urban park with walkways, shaded trails, suspension bridges; good for relaxing in nature without going far.

  • twtainan.net – Natural Ecosystems @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Taiwanese Cypress at Lin Feng Ying(林鳳營落羽松) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • annan.gov.tw – Natural Attractions @ Annan District Office of Tainan City website
  • publicworks.tainan.gov.tw – Tainan Parks @ Public Works Bureau of Tainan City Government
  • wikipedia.org – Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests @ Wikipedia . org

  • wikipedia.org – Jacana Ecological Education Park – 水雉生態教育園區 @ Wikipedia . org
  • wikipedia.org – Sicao Wetlands – 四草 @ Wikipedia . org

  • tainancity.com – Xinhua National Forest Arboretum @ Tainan City . com
  • tainancity.com – Xinhua National Forest Arboretum @ Tainan City . com
  • livingintaiwan.com – Standing up for the trees of Tainan City @ Living in Taiwan . com
  • polishgirlintaiwan.com – Maples of Hongye Park @ Polish Girl in Taiwan blog
  • goteamjosh.com – Dongyanshan Forest Recreation Park (東眼山國家森林遊樂區) @ Josh Ellis Photography blog

  • mapcarta.com – Hagenaars Forest @ Map Carta website
  • peakvisor.com – Taipingshan National Forest Recreation Area (太平山國家森林遊樂區)
  • taiwanoutdoors.com – Taiwan’s National Forests (國家森林遊樂區) @ Taiwan Outdoors website
  • alltrails.com – Best forest trails in Tainan City @ All Trails . com
  • maolin-nsa.gov.tw – Maolin National Scenic Area – website

  • ebird.org – Tainan Hu Shan Forest Area ( 台南 – 虎山林場 ) @ eBird . org
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • travelintaiwan.net – How to Read the City of Tainan @ Travel in Taiwan . net
  • thetravel.com – Things to do in Tainan @ The Travel . com

  • designboom.com – MVRDV to build an urban lagoon as part of Tainan Axis regeneration in Taiwan @ Design Boom . com
  • goteamjosh.com – Tainan @ Josh Ells Photography blog
  • lifeoftaiwan.com – Getting To & Getting Around Tainan @ Life of Taiwan website
  • steemit.com – The Misty Jungle Trails Of Tainan @ Steemit . com
  • lonelyplanet.com – Taijiang National Park @ Lonely Planet . com

  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – National Chung Hsing University Xinhua Forest Farm @ Siraya National Scenic Area website
  • web-pro.com.tw – Web-Pro Corp establishes Tainan’s first ‘Tree Island’ at Tree Valley Park, preserving native species @ Web-Pro Corp website
  • travelking.com.tw – Tainan Park (Zhong Shan Park) @ Travel King website
  • peakvisor.com – Tainan Hiking Trails & Areas @ Peak Advisor . com
  • tripadvisor.com – Forests in Siraya National Scenic Area @ Trip Advisor . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Forests in the culture of Tainan @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Forests in the culture of Tainan @ YouTube . com
  • google.com – Forests in the culture of Tainan @ Google Images

GEOLOGY – 地 質

Central Geological Survey of Taiwan
( moeacgs.gov.tw )

  • Geology of Tainan – 臺南市文化中地質的角色

  • Tainan sits on the western foreland of the active Taiwan orogeny. Its bedrock & near-surface deposits contain a geologic record of: (1) an accreted, folded & thrusted Cenozoic sedimentary sequence in the foothills & tablelands; (2) extensive Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial & coastal plain sediments in the lowlands; and (3) Pleistocene flood basalts offshore (Penghu) & marine terraces/coastal deposits related to sea-level & tectonic uplift. The region is structurally active as shown through the folds, back-thrusts & faults in the geologic record) and there are seismic/site-response hazards that could be potentially significant.

  • Because the lowland is composed of soft alluvium & because active folds/faults lie nearby, Tainan has significant earthquake amplification (site effects) & a high earthquake-risk potential. Recent local studies emphasize microtremor/site-effect differences across plain, tableland & foothill zones.

  • Practical implications: (i.) Ground-motion amplification is higher on the lowland/alluvial plains than on bedrock tablelands/foothills; (ii.) Infrastructure, building design & land-use planning should consider mapped faults, fold fronts & mapped terraces/filled basins; (iii.) Coastal & river flood hazards interact with the soft sediments (subsidence/compaction) & tectonic uplift history.

  • Tectonic setting :

  • Taiwan is at the collision zone where there is tectonic interaction between the Eurasian Plate & the Philippine Sea Plate. Western Taiwan (including Tainan) is located in a foreland fold-and-thrust belt formed by the compression stacking of marine sedimentary rocks originally deposited on the Eurasian passive margin. This ongoing convergence produces rapid uplift, folding & active faults in the Tainan area.

  • Major rock/stratigraphic units (west → east) :

  • Coastal plain / lowland (westernmost): The geology of this area consists of thick Holocene to Pleistocene alluvial, deltaic & coastal sediments (sands, silts, clays). These are soft & unconsolidated deposits. They have the potential to exert control over site amplification during earthquakes.

  • Tablelands & foothills: The geology of this area includes sequences of uplifted & folded Neogene–Quaternary shallow-marine to deltaic sediments (Miocene → Pliocene → Pleistocene). These form the tablelands & the foothill anticlines (Tainan, Pitou & Napalin anticlines).

  • Frontal thrust belt: The geology of this eastern portion of Tainan County consists of a system of thrusts, back-thrusts & ramp anticlines (the Houchiali backthrust & the Tainan anticline). These structures are shallow but they are rooted deeper in the thrust system.

  • Offshore/Penghu: Pleistocene basaltic flows (Penghu Basalt) of volcanic origin cover the Penghu platform in the Taiwan Strait. This geology is important for studies of regional stratigraphy & paleo-sea level analysis.

  • Structural features and active deformation :

  • The geology of the Tainan area exhibits classic fold-and-thrust geometries: anticlines (surface folds), synclines and shallow thrust/back-thrust faults. Geodetic & seismic studies record fast shortening rates (tens of mm/yr at regional scale) & progressive growth of folds (e.g., the Tainan anticline above a west-dipping backthrust). These structural elements are important in control of local earthquake sources & uplift patterns.

  • Landforms, terraces and sedimentary records :

  • Marine & fluvial terraces around Tainan contain a record of repeated episodes of uplift & sea-level change, which are proving useful for paleo-sea level & tectonic uplift studies. Offshore sediment cores & seismic profiles show a good record of Pleistocene sediments which help to describe the evolution of the Tainan Basin & Formosa Canyon.

  • harvard.edu – A synthesis of the geologic evolution of Taiwan @ Tectonophysics Journal
  • nih.gov – A previously overlooked, highly diverse early Pleistocene elasmobranch assemblage from southern Taiwan @ Journal of Paleontology & Evolutionay Science
  • geoscienceworld.org – Structures in the active Western Foothills of Southwestern Taiwan: Fault-related folding versus shale tectonics @ Interpretation Journal

  • geoscienceworld.org – Transient active deformation in Tainan tableland using persistent scatterers SAR interferometry @ BSGF – Earth Sciences Bulletin,
  • researchgate.net – Numerical modeling on the relationship between thermal uplift and subsequent rapid subsidence: Discussions on the evolution of the Tainan Basin @ Tectonics Journal
  • sciencedirect.com – Sedimentology and foreland basin paleogeography during Taiwan arc continent collision @ Journal of Asian Earth Sciences

  • researchgate.net – Shallow geological structures triggered during the M w 6.4 Meinong earthquake, southwestern Taiwan @ Journal of Terrestrial Atmospheric & Ocean Sciences
  • ncu.edu.tw – Tectonics, sedimentation and geomorphology of the active Taiwan Mountain Belt @ Field Guide Book, North Central University of Taiwan
  • nature.com – Potential geological risks from mud diatremes in the orogen regime of Southwestern Taiwan @ Nature Journal

  • wiley.com – The Structure of Southwest Taiwan: The Development of a Fold-and-Thrust Belt on a Margins Outer Shelf and Slope @ Tectonics Journal
  • mdpi.com – Comparison of the Late Miocene Sediments and Early Quaternary Red Paleosols in the Penghu Islands, Taiwan and Zhangpu, Fujian @ Minerals Journal
  • springer.com – A Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary model of the Tainan Basin, the South China Sea: evidence from a multi-channel seismic profile @ Journal of Zhejiang University Applied Physics & Engineering

  • wiley.com – Holocene Terraces Along the Tsailiao River, Western Foothills, Southwest Taiwan: Lithofacies, Chronology, Fossil Assemblages, and Neotectonic Implications @ Island Arc Journal
  • sciencedirect.com – Active deformation of Tainan tableland of southwestern Taiwan based on geodetic measurements and SAR interferometry @ Tectonophysics Journal
  • researchgate.net – Structure and Deformation History of the Rapidly Growing Tainan Anticline at the Deformation Front of the Taiwan Mountain Belt @ Tectonics Journal

  • harvard.edu/abs/2024EGUGA..2610355Y/abstract – Site effects and their relationship with geological structure in Tainan, Taiwan @ European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2024 (EGU24), held 14-19 April, 2024 in Vienna, Austria

  • wikipedia.org – Geology of Taiwan @ Wikipedia . org
  • maolin-nsa.gov.tw – Maolin National Scenic Area – website
  • science – Uplift of Tainan Tableland (SW Taiwan) revealed by SAR interferometry @ Geophysical Research Letters
  • wikimedia.org – Category: Geology of Tainan @ Wikimedia Commons

  • peakvisor.com – Geology of Tainan @ Peak Visor website
  • ncu.edu.tw – STRATIGRAPHIC RECORDS OF THE LATE CENOZOIC PENGLAI OROGENY OF TAIWAN @ Acta Geological Taiwanica
  • sciencedirect.com – Structural features off southwestern Taiwan @ Marine Geology Journal
  • edurank.org – Best universities for Geology in Tainan @ Edurank website
  • moc.gov.tw – Tsai-Liao Fossil Museum of Tainan City @ Republic of China Ministry of Culture website

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Geology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中地質的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Geology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中地質的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Geology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中地質的角色 @ Google Images

  • Mineral Resources of Tainan – 臺南的礦產資源

  • Key Mineral / Natural Resources in Tainan
  • Salt / Sea Salt / Solar Salt Fields
    The coastal districts of Beimen (北門) and Qigu (七股) historically had and still have salt production from seawater evaporation. Polish Girl in Taiwan+5Travel King+5Travel King+5
    One of the most famous is the Jingzaijiao Tile-paved Salt Fields (井仔腳瓦盤鹽田) in Beimen. Dating back to the Qing Dynasty (~1818). It used to produce salt more extensively; now has partly shifted toward tourism. Polish Girl in Taiwan+4Taipei Times+4Sandy in Big World+4
  • The Qigu Salt Mountain (in Qigu District) is a landmark: a large mound of residual salt from the old salt fields. It’s no longer in full industrial production but is a tourist site. Travel King+2Travel King+2
    The Taiwan Salt Museum (in Cigu / Qigu) preserves the cultural, technical, ecological history of salt in the region. Taiwan Salt Museum+1
  • Natural Gas
    There is at least one identified natural gas field in Guantien (Guantian), Tainan County. In 2004, Chinese Petroleum Corp (CPC) confirmed a gas field at Guantien (Guantien No. 1 oil exploration well) with about 400 million cubic meters of gas. Taipei Times
    Daily production estimates from that field were on the order of tens of thousands of cubic meters per day (one well ~46,000 m³/day; two wells ~60,000 m³/day) with a projected productive life of ~20 years under some expected usage scenarios. Taipei Times
  • Mining / Mineral Concessions
    According to a GOV of Taiwan (GSMMA) report of 2022‐2023, Tainan City (i.e. the region covering the former Tainan County) had 2 active mines (or mining areas) out of the total number of active mines in Taiwan. That’s a small share (~1.65%) by number. GSMMA+1
    The kinds of minerals mined in Taiwan (and correspondingly possible in Tainan) include marble, silica sand, serpentine, petroleum & natural gas, china clay, etc. The report doesn’t always specify exactly which ones are active in Tainan for each mineral. GSMMA+1
  • Heat / Geothermal / Hot Spring Resources
    Tainan has hot springs (such as Guanziling Hot Spring in Baihe District). These are not “mineral mines” in strict sense, but they reflect geothermal activity and possibly associated gas seepage (notably methane). Guanziling springs are known to occasionally release combustible gas (methane). Wikipedia
  • Other Geological / Mineral‐Related Resources
    The alluvial plains (Chianan Plain) have rich clay, sand, and gravel resources for construction. While not always mined in large “mine pits,” these are naturally occurring materials used in building and infrastructure. (General geological background.) Wikipedia+2China.org.cn+2
    The region also has serpentine and marble in Taiwan in general; though most large marble/dolomite deposits are more concentrated in eastern Taiwan. Tainan does have some smaller scale marble or stone‐related resources, but these are less prominent. GSMMA+2EBSCO+2
  • Strengths & Limitations :
  • Strengths:
    Long history of salt production (cultural, economic). These salt fields are relatively accessible and have significant heritage/tourism value.
    Some local natural gas resources that might be usable at modest scale.
    Available non‐metallic minerals and geological materials (sand, gravel, clay) for local use.
  • Limitations:
    Tainan is not a major centre for metallic mining (gold, copper, iron) compared to other parts of Taiwan (especially the east). The number of large mines or major ore deposits is small. GSMMA+1
    Many of the traditional salt fields have ceased full production due to competition, cost, imported salt, changing technology. Travel King+2Travel King+2
    Environmental, cultural heritage, and land use constraints may limit expansion of extractive operations in some areas (especially near coasts, wetlands, etc.).

  • gov.tw – Annual Statistical Report of Minerals for 2022 @ Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Republic of China
  • taipeitimes.com – Natural gas field found in Guantien @ Taipei Times website
  • taipeitimes.com – Cultural village worth its salt @ Taipei Times website
  • nih.gov – Black carbon enriches short-range-order ferrihydrite in Amazonian Dark Earth: Interplay mechanism & environmental implications @ Science of the total environment Journal
  • springer.com – Background exposure of general population to cadmium and lead in Tainan city, Taiwan @ Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology
  • nlm.nih.gov – Nutritional evaluation of Chinese working women in the City of Tainan, Taiwan @ Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
  • mindat.org – Tainan minerals database @ MinDat website
  • wikipedia.org – Chiayi–Tainan Plain (嘉南平原) @ Wikipedia . org

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Mineral Resources of Tainan – 臺南的礦產資源 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Mineral Resources of Tainan – 臺南的礦產資源 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Mineral Resources of Tainan – 臺南的礦產資源 @ Google Images

  • Hot Springs in Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色

  • twtainan.net – Gueidan Hot Spring Pool(龜丹溫泉體驗池) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Hot Spring(關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • taiwan.net.tw – Guanziling Hot Springs @ Republic of China Tourism Administration website

  • wikipedia.org – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉) @ Wikipedia . org
  • getmetotaiwan.com – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Get me to Taiwan blog
  • taiwanhotspring.net – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Taiwan Hot Spring . net

  • nickkembel.com – A Guide to Guanziling Mud Hot Spring in Tainan @ Nick Kembel Travels website (Fantastic site !!!)
  • travelking.com.tw – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Travel King website
  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Guanziling Hot Spring (關子嶺溫泉風景區) @ Siraya National Scenic Area website

  • klook.com – Top Tainan Hot springs @ Klook . com
  • tripadvisor.com – Guanziling Hot Spring @ Trip Advisor website
  • nickkembel.com – The Ultimate Beitou Hot Spring Guide (2025 info) @ Nick Kembel’s Travels (Great website !!!0

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Hot Springs in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Hot Springs in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Hot Springs in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中溫泉的角色 @ Google Images

  • Volcano in Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Volcano in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Volcano in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Volcano in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中火山的角色 @ Google Images

HIKING – 徒 步

Hiking in the culture of Tainan
( lydiascapes.com )

  • Hiking in Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色

  • Tainan County has a variety of hiking options — from gentle trails to more challenging ridgelines.

  • Why hike in Tainan ? (i.) Diverse terrain: You’ll get everything from hills overlooking reservoirs and low ridgelines, to forested trails and more rugged slopes; (ii.) Scenery + culture: Many hikes are close to traditional villages, reservoirs, mountain temples, and even hot springs. So you can mix nature with local culture and food (iii.) Good seasons: While summers can be hot and humid (with typhoon risk), spring & autumn are great for hiking. Winter in the hills is mild compared to Taiwan’s high mountains.
  • Things to plan & watch out for :
  • Elevation / physical fitness: Even “moderate” hikes in Taiwan often involve steep sections. Be prepared for steep inclines, sometimes steep stairs, and undergrowth, especially after rains.

  • Weather & season: Rain can make trails muddy and slippery. Typhoons in summer. Best to check forecasts and avoid trails in bad weather.

  • Permits / trail clearance: Some trails might have regulations. Stay on established trails. For the main hiking systems (Guanziling, Meiling, Wushan, etc.) there are many maintained paths.

  • Gear & supplies: Sunscreen, good shoes, water, some snacks. Even shorter hikes benefit from basic preparedness. Also bring rain gear just in case.

  • Transport: Some trailheads are remote; private transport or careful checking of local bus / shuttle options helps.

  • Flora & fauna: You may see interesting forest species, maybe insects, birds, etc. If you’re into nature, bring binoculars.

  • Cultural respect: Many trails go near temples or through villages. Be respectful; no littering; some sacred or private property along paths.

  • Here are some of the established hiking/trail systems and specific trails in Tainan :

  • Guanziling Trail System
    Medium; one of the routes includes “Da Feng Mountain” (~1241 m). From the TuTu Gong Temple to the peak is about 3 km one-way, round trip takes ~4-6 hrs. After the hike you can dip in Guanziling’s famous mud hot springs. Forested mountain scenery and good elevation gain.

  • Meiling Trail System
    Several routes; some more relaxed, some tougher. Highest point is Zhuzijianshan (~1,110 m). E.g. Wulong Trail is relatively gentle. ─ From Wulong to Zhuzijian is maybe ~3.5 km in one direction on some segments. Pleasure hikes with views over the plain, chance for both easy walking and more strenuous ridgeline. Great for sunrise / sunset or forest walks.

  • Wushan (Wu Mountain) Hiking Trail System
    Long & varied. The full trail is ~12 km north-south and takes about 9-10 hrs if you do the whole section. It’s a ridge trail / long connector. Very scenic, varied terrain. Many hikers pick partial segments for a shorter hike.

  • Kantou Mountain Trail (崁頭山步道)
    Moderate; ~2.3 mi (~3.7 km) loop, ~1h40m to complete. Elevation & difficulty manageable. Good choice if you want a shorter hike. Nice forest / views, less commitment.

  • Mount Liuyi (Liuyi Shan), Nanhua
    Harder; ~3.7 mi (~6 km) out & back, ~2.5-3 hrs. Elevation gain ~1,443 ft (~440 m). More effort but rewarding vistas, a good workout.

  • Other easier / scenic options
    Trails around Hutoupi Scenic Area; lake-trail walking, more family/relaxed style. Good for half-day or casual hikers or if you want a mix of nature + relax.

  • forest.gov.tw – Mt. Kantou Trail @ Nature & Conservation Agency of Taiwan Ministry of Agriculture
  • hikingproject.com – Hiking trails near Tainan @ Hiking Project . com
  • twtainan.net – Wushan Hiking Trail System (烏山登山步道系統) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan Government
  • gaiagps.com – Best hiking trails in Tainan City @ GaiaGPS . com
  • forest.gov.tw – Mt. Liuyi Trail – Kaohsiung @ Nature & Conservation Agency of Taiwan Ministry of Agriculture
  • twobackpacksnoplan.com – Walking in Tainan @ Two Backpacks No Plan . com
  • tripadvisor.com – Hiking trails in Tainan @ Trip Advisor . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Hiking in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Hiking in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Hiking in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中徒步的角色 @ Google Images

ISLANDS – 島 嶼

Turtle Island (Guishan Dao – 龜山島). Yilan. (volcano.si.edu)

  • Islands in Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色
  • Because of the natural sediment movement along the coast of Tainan, some land is gradually being built up, creating “silt islands” or mudflats that may become islands or connected land. Yuguang Island is one such relatively recent example.

  • Here are some details about the islands and island-like landforms in Tainan :

  • Yuguang Island (漁光島, “Yu-Guang” / “Yu-guang Dao”) is located off the coast of Anping District, Tainan City. Connected by a short bridge to the mainland. Attractions & Features: (i) Boardwalks through forested parts. (ii) Moon Bay beach for walking, photo-shoots, sunsets, (iii.) Oyster farming / aquaculture, (iv.) The Saba Milkfish Museum, and (v.) Homestays / B&Bs are available for an overnight stay.
  • Yuguang Island is easy to access from the mainland via a bridge. The island is a great spot for relaxing by the sea, beach walks, photography (especially sunsets), water sports (kayaking, paddle boarding), local seafood / milkfish cuisine & learning about aquaculture / oyster farming. The mix of wetlands, mangroves, tidal flats & silt islands offers habitats for birds & intertidal ecology. The island offers visually dramatic scenery at low tide or sunset. Because the island contain abundant coastal, silt & tidal areas, the water levels, tides & general weather situation will affect visibility, safety & enjoyment.
  • Anping “Island” (安平島) : This is a special case! Anping is often referred to as an “island” in some descriptions because the Anping Canal goes around it. But in practice, it is integrated with the mainland. Attractions in the An Ping district include : Old streets, an historical Dutch fort (Fort Zeelandia), treehouse ruins, the port, food vendors and restaurants. Because of its history and location by the sea, many island-like features in Anping are tied to its maritime trade, its canals & the historic salt trade.
  • Taijiang National Park. The coastal strip just north of Anping includes a complex of estuaries, tidal flats, mangrove swamps, small islands or silt islands, old canals & fish / oyster farms. It’s not all “islands” proper but many natural features created by sediment, tides, and human use.

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Islands in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Islands in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Islands in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中島嶼的角色 @ Google Images

LAKES – 湖 泊

Coral Lake (珊瑚潭). Tainan
( sygic.com )

  • Lakes in Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色
  • Many lakes in the region are reservoirs that have been constructed for irrigation, municipal water supply & flood control. They often double as recreational areas.
    Variations in precipitation between the rainy & dry seasons have a strong influence on the water levels in these impoundments. Some smaller reservoirs have been known to dry up during years of drought.

    Key Lakes / Reservoirs in & near Tainan :
  • Wushantou Reservoir (烏山頭水庫), also called Coral Lake Reservoir, scenic lake-reservoir Lioujia & Guantian Districts, Tainan. Supplies water, irrigation; major tourist attraction. Lots of islands (over 100), hiking and boating, parks, memorials (Yoichi Hatta). Very scenic.
  • Nanhua Reservoir / Dam (南化水庫) Dam & reservoir. Nanhua District, Tainan. Supplies water (for Tainan, also Kaohsiung in some parts), also a leisure area. There’s a park, eco-park, water-park, and other facilities around.
  • Baihe Reservoir (白河水庫)
    Reservoir
    Baihe District, Tainan
    Provides water for agriculture / local use. Has been affected by drought (even drying out in dry spells). Wikipedia
  • Hutoupi Scenic Area (Hutoupi Reservoir / 虎頭埤)
    Reservoir / scenic lake
    Xinhua District, Tainan. Historically built (1846) for irrigation. Now a scenic park: lake, pavilion, bridge, recreation, camping etc. Wikipedia
  • Kunshan Lake / Jiyu Lake (崑山湖 / 鯽魚潭 / Dong Lake / Long Lake)
    Lake (lagoon / formed from former lagoon area)
    Yongkang District, Tainan. Has multiple names; known for high yield of crucian carp. Offers lakeside scenery in an urban/suburban setting. Tainan Travel
  • Tainan Science Park Ecological Lakes (Daoye Lake, Xiake Lake, Yinxi Lake)
    Artificial / ecological – lakes / ponds
    Xinshi District, Tainan (Science Park area). Part of green-space / ecological landscaping. Bird watching, walking paths, pretty spots for visitors.

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Lakes in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Lakes in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Lakes in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中湖泊的角色 @ Google Images

MARINE LIFE – 海 洋 生 物

The Taiwan Fisheries Agency has established Marine Resource Conservation Zones for sustainable management of marine life. (fa.gov.tw)

  • Marine life in Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色

  • twtainan.net – Natural Ecosystems @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park (台江國家公園) – website
  • nmmba.gov.tw – Taiwan National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium – website
  • expedia.com -Tainan travel guide @ Expedia . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Marine life in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Marine life in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Marine life in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中海洋生物的角色 @ Google Images

  • Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色
  • _____ – Aquatic life in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Aquatic life in Tainan – 南市文化中水生生物的角色 @ Google Images

MOUNTAINS – 山

Qigu Salt Mountain. Tainan
( taiwan.net.tw )

  • Mountains in Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • Tainan has a varied topography. Much of the west is flat plains. Hills & modest mountains rise in the east & south, offering nice hiking, forest, scenic views & a contrast to the coastal/urban areas.

  • At low altitudes, the vegetation covering Tainan’s mountains is composed of broad-leaf forest containing bamboo and other forest cover. As elevation rises, the terrain has a cooler climate & the accompanying vegetation becomes more lush.

  • Some mountain hiking trails offer views of the plains, reservoirs & sea views depending on location.

  • In Guanziling, there are mud hot springs. It is a popular activity to combine hiking & a visit to the hot springs.

  • Meiling is noted for its forest of plum blossoms in the winter months, which draws many visitors.

  • Key Mountains & High Peaks in Tainan :

  • Dadong Mountain (大凍山, sometimes “Datong Mountain / Dadongshan”) rises to a height of ~1,241 meters and is the highest peak in Tainan. It is located in the Guanziling area. The Dadong Mountain Trail is popular. It climbs from Ziyun Hall at Xianzu Temple through low-altitude broad-leaved forest and bamboo groves. The time to complete the trail hike is about 3-5 hours.

  • Zhuzijianshan (竹子尖山 / Zhuzijian Mountain) rises to 1,110 meters at the triangulation point on the Meifeng Historic Trail. This trail is part of the Meiling Hiking Trail System. A hike along the train offers good views, especially of the Tsengwen Reservoir & there are several trail options.

  • Lupingshan rises to ~432 meters. Luping Mountain is less high but still scenic. It is located in Gaoyuan Village in Tainan’s Dongshan District.

  • Shantou Mountain (崁頭山) ~844 meters. In Dongshan District. Trails are well-marked; several entrances; scenic views; local points of interest like “stone toad” rock and “pagoda furnace” rock formations.

  • Wushan (烏山) Hiking Trail System: The trail is about 12 km in length. A full traverse can be completed in about 9-10 hours. The peak elevations are not as high as Dadong but the trail does present a substantial hiking challenge. The is a mix of steep & gentle slopes in Nanhua Township between Tainan & Kaohsiung.

  • Hiking Trail Systems & Scenic Spots :

  • Guanziling Mountain Trail System includes multiple routes: Datong line (to Dadongshan), Jiulong Mountain line, Jilong Mountain line, Fulong line, Pillow Mountain route etc. These vary in difficulty, distance, scenery (forest, ridge, sometimes steep sections).

  • Meiling Trail System (梅嶺登山步道) has several trails (Wulong, Meifeng, Guanyin, Meilong etc.), good for shorter hikes or blossoms during certain seasons.

  • Wushan Trail as is longer, more strenuous for day-hikes etc. Good for people who want a more serious hike experience.

  • twtainan.net – Jinshali Pink Shower Tree Trail @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Mountain Trail System (關子嶺登山步道系統) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Wushan Hiking Trail System(烏山登山步道系統) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website

  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Dadong Mountain Trail (關子嶺大凍山步道) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • tainan.gov.tw – Dadongshan (Dadong Mountain) @ Tainan City Baihe District Office website
  • twtainan.net – Meiling Hiking Trail(梅嶺登山步道) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website

  • twtainan.net – Qigu Salt Mountain(七股鹽山) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • travelintaiwan.net – Walks on Tainan’s Natural Side @ Travel in Taiwan e-zine
  • taiwan.net.tw – Qigu Salt Mountains @ Republic of China Tourism Administration website

  • taiwaneverything.cc – Tainan by the Sea, Tainan in the Hills @ Taiwan Everything blog
  • nationalgeographic.com – 10 Majestic Mountain Wonders of Taiwan @ National Geographic website
  • taiwanhikes.com – The Complete Guide to Hiking Taiwan’s Southern Three Stars: Discover Guanshanlingshan @ Taiwan Hikes blog

  • taiwanhikes.com – The Complete Guide to Hiking Taiwan’s Southern Three Stars: Discover Taguanshan @ Taiwan Hikes website
  • alltrails.com – Falcon Point – Zhuzi Jianshan Loop @ All Trails website
  • wikipedia.org – Mount Tao (桃山) @ Wikipedia . org

  • mapcarta.com – Douliu Shan @ Map Carta website
  • 8car.com.tw – Sightseeing spots in Southern Taiwan you can’t miss @ TTrips website
  • tripjive.com – Explore Day Trips from Tainan: History & Nature @ Trip Jive website

  • skyticket.com – Incredible Things to Do in Tainan @ Sky Ticket . com
  • taipeitimes.com – Highways and Byways: The mountain of six martyrs
  • mytour.vn – Exquisite Destinations Ideal for Backpacking in Tainan @ My Tour Blog (Vietnam)

  • topographic-map.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • topographic-map.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • mypacer.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色

  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • peakvisor.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色
  • mapcarta.com – Sankan Shan @ Map Carta . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Mountains in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中山的角色 @ Google Images

  • Climbing in Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色

  • twtainan.net – Meiling Hiking Trail (梅嶺登山步道) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City Government website
  • twtainan.net – Guanziling Dadong Mountain Trail(關子嶺大凍山步道)
  • forest.gov.tw – Guanziling-Mt. Dadong Trail @ Republic of China Forestry & Nature Conservation Agency website

  • forest.gov.tw – Mt. Kantou Trail @ Republic of China Forestry & Nature Conservation Agency website
  • alltrails.com – Best trails in Tainan @ All Trails . com
  • alltrails.com – Dadong Peak @ All Trails . com

  • goteamjosh.com – Mountain climbing @ Josh Ellis photography blog
  • peakery.com – Peaks & climbs in Tainan @ Peakery . com (Terrific site !!!)
  • mountainproject.com – Rock climbing in Taiwan @ The Mountain Project website
  • angloinfo.com – Rock climbing & mountaineering in Taiwan @ Angloinfo . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Climbing in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Climbing in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Climbing in the culture of Tainan – 南市文化中登山的角色 @ Google Images

NATURE – 自 然

Taiwanese Cypress Trees. Len Feng Ying (林鳳營落羽松).
(twtainan.net)

  • Natural scenic areas in Tainan – 臺南市文化中公自然景區角色

  • taiwaneverything.cc – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • maolin-nsa.gov.tw – Maolin National Scenic Area – website
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • tripzilla.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwannews.com.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com.hk – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.co.za – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • travelking.com.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwan.net.tw – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Natural scenic areas in the culture of Tainan @ Google Images

  • Nature in Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色

  • twtainan.net – Taiwanese Cypress ( 林鳳營落羽松 ) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan Government
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • tripadvisor.com – Nature & Parks in Tainan @ Trip Advisor . com
  • twtainan.net – Natural Ecosystems in Tainan @
  • tripadvisor.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • trip.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwannews.com.tw – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • reformatt.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • atlasobscura.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tripadvisor.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwan.net.tw – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • taiwan-scene.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Nature in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中自然的角色 @ Google Images

  • Environment in Tainan – 臺南市文化中環境的角色

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Environment in the culture of Tainan @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Environment in the culture of Tainan @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Environment in the culture of Tainan @ Google Images

  • Ecology of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色
  • Geography & Key Ecosystems :
  • Coastal Wetlands & Mangroves
    Tainan’s western coast has extensive wetlands and mangrove forests (e.g. in Taijiang National Park, Sicao/Sihcao Wetlands).
    Mangrove species include Avicennia marina, Kandelia candel, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora stylosa, among others.
    These ecosystems are important for sediment stabilization, coastal protection, nurseries for marine species, and habitat for migratory bird species.
  • Riverine and Estuarine Areas
    Zengwen River mouth is a major wildlife habitat.
    Rivers bring fresh water, sediments, nutrients, which shape coastal and wetland ecosystems.
  • Bird Habitats & Migratory Routes
    The area is a stopover / wintering ground for migratory birds including endangered species like the Black-faced Spoonbill.
    Major wildlife habitat zones: Sicao (Sihcao) Major Wildlife Habitat in Annan District.
  • Terrestrial Ecosystems
    While Tainan is largely flat in its coastal plains, there are also agricultural zones (rice paddies, etc.), riparian zones along rivers, and small forested patches. These support various flora and fauna.
  • Biodiversity & Species :
  • Flora: Mangrove species (as above), salt marsh plants, coastal species that tolerate saline / brackish water, and species adapted to sandy or saline soil like Ipomoea pes-caprae, Scaevola hainanensis, etc.
  • Birds: Many water birds, migratory species. Examples: spoonbills, various shorebirds and waders.
  • Mammals / Other Fauna: Mammal diversity in coastal/low-lying areas is lower; many of the mammals are species tolerant of disturbance.
  • Threats & Environmental Challenges :
  • Pollution
    Soil dioxin contamination: The Anshun Plant in Luermen has been a serious case.
    River pollution: Some rivers like Erren, Yanshui, Kushui suffer from wastewater discharges, cross-jurisdictional pollution, etc.
  • Land Use Change & Habitat Loss
    Reclamation, industrial development (industrial parks, technology parks) threaten wetlands.
    Salt fields, fish ponds have been changed over time. While some ecological services remain, many ecosystems get fragmented.
  • Climate Change & Sea-level Rise
    Coastal areas are sensitive to sea-level rise. Increased storm frequency/intensity could impact mangroves, wetlands. (While not always detailed specifically for Tainan, these are known issues for Taiwan’s coasts.)
    Also changes in rainfall patterns can affect river flow, sediment deposition, freshwater availability.
  • Air Quality
    Tainan has episodes of poor air quality, in part due to weak winds, upwind pollution sources.
  • Conservation & Management :
  • Protected Areas & Wildlife Habitats
    Sihcao/Sicao Wetlands is protected; included in Taijiang National Park.
    Zengwen River Mouth declared a Major Wildlife Habitat.
    Sicao Major Wildlife Habitat (includes river/swamp ecosystems) also protected.
  • Ecological Education & Citizen Participation
    Jacana Ecological Education Park in Guantian District is an example of local community + bird conservation / education.
  • Regulation and Monitoring
    Enforcement of air quality maintenance zones; monitoring of pollution in rivers.
    Soil contamination cases are increasingly recognized and managed.
  • – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色
  • https://www.tjnp.gov.tw
  • https://taiwaneverything.cc
  • youtube.com – Ancient Tainan fishing village launches new ecological tour boat @ Taiwan News on You Tube
  • https://www.tjnp.gov.tw
  • https://asc.tainan.gov.tw
  • https://www.tripadvisor.com
  • https://www.tripadvisor.com
  • https://www.tripadvisor.ca
  • https://www.annan.gov.tw
  • https://www.goteamjosh.com
  • https://www.nickkembel.com
  • https://www.twtainan.net
  • https://en.wikipedia.org
  • https://www.travelking.com.tw
  • https://www.twtainan.net
  • https://www.twtainan.net
  • https://www.swcoast-nsa.gov.tw
  • https://www.twtainan.net – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • https://www.annan.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.tjnp.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.annan.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://taiwaneverything.cc – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://eng.taiwan.net.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://edurank.org – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://lifeoftaiwan.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.tripadvisor.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.trip.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.swcoast-nsa.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://eego.moenv.gov.tw – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://tainancity.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://www.twtainan.net – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • https://conservation.forest.gov – Ecology in the culture of Tainan
  • tainancity.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan @ Tainan City . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Ecology in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中生態的角色 @ Google Images

  • Conservation in Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色
  • Key Protected Areas & Habitats
    Taijiang National Park
    Established in 2009, covering about 393.1 km² (≈49 km² land, 344 km² marine). Wikipedia+1
    Includes mangrove forests, lagoon/coastal wetlands, fish ponds, mudflats. taiwan.nps.gov.tw+2Wikipedia+2
    Plays dual role of ecological protection and preserving cultural/historical landscape (salt farming, local communities) alongside nature. taiwan.nps.gov.tw
    Sicao Wetlands / Sicao Wildlife Refuge
    About 515.1 hectares. 自然保育網+2Wikipedia+2
    Home to mangroves, salt marshes, fish ponds; many migratory bird species from Asia & Australia. 自然保育網+2Tainan Travel+2
    Included in Taijiang National Park. taiwan.nps.gov.tw+1
    Zengwen River Mouth / Qigu Area
    Tainan City Zengwen River Mouth North Bank Black-faced Spoonbill Refuge (~300 ha) for protection of migratory birds, especially the endangered Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor). 自然保育網
    Also a Major Wildlife Habitat area around the river mouth, flood protection/dike zones, etc. (~634 ha). 自然保育網
    Jacana Ecological Education Park (Guantian)
    Smaller, more local project. Focused on the pheasant-tailed jacana and is used for ecological education. Wikipedia

    Conservation Programs & Policies
    Environmental Volunteerism & “Green Office” Programs
    Tainan engages many environmental volunteer teams (thousands of people) who work on cleanups, maintenance, ecological awareness. UN-Habitat
    The Green Office program pushes energy conservation, waste reduction, ecological landscaping, sustainable procurement across institutions and schools. gold.uclg.org
    Air Quality Maintenance Zones
    Tainan is designating zones (around universities, hospitals, port/commercial areas) where vehicles must meet emission / inspection standards. This is to reduce air pollution in densely populated or sensitive zones. en.sdg.ncku.edu.tw
    Rejection of Industrial Park Plans on Environmental Grounds
    The Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) has rejected plans to build or expand industrial parks when they threaten habitats or increase flood risk. For example, a proposed green energy industrial park in Rende was rejected due to habitat concerns for protected bird species. Taipei Times

    Challenges
    Habitat Loss / Encroachment
    Pressure from development (industrial parks, infrastructure, urban expansion) threatens wetlands, dikes, estuaries. Ensuring protected status doesn’t get eroded by development is an ongoing tension. taiwan.nps.gov.tw+1
    Balancing Conservation with Local Livelihoods
    Salt farming, fish ponds, tourism are part of the local economy. Sometimes conflicting interests arise (economic vs conservation). Taijiang National Park is often cited as a model of trying to balance these. taiwan.nps.gov.tw
    Climate / Natural Disasters
    Typhoons, flooding, sea‐level rise affect coastal wetlands. Disaster preparedness (e.g. drills, infrastructure, environmental response) is part of conservation/planning. moenv.gov.tw
    Pollution / Air Quality
    From traffic, industry, port operations. The air quality zones are part of mitigating this. en.sdg.ncku.edu.tw

    Recent Developments & Successes
    “Wildlife Education Exemplar Award” to the Tainan Wild Bird Society (as of 2024) for work in rescue, bird habitat protection, esp. black-faced spoonbill. 自然保育網
    ICC Tainan (convention center) built with green / sustainable design: native plantings, solar power, reduced energy consumption. 大台南會展中心
    Progress on establishing more air quality maintenance zones (third phase announced, coming into effect ~Nov 2024). en.sdg.ncku.edu.tw
    Promotion of reuse / recycling in municipal / cultural heritage contexts: e.g. use of reclaimed building materials, replacing plastic or harmful materials in traditional aquaculture (oyster farming etc.).

  • fftc.org.tw – Current status & trends in Taiwan’s Biodiversity & Conservation Policies @ Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian & Pacific Region website
  • tainan.gov.tw – International Travel Website Lists Tainan As One Of The World’s Top Ten Sustainable Tourism Destinations @ Tainan Government website
  • unhabitat.org – Tainan City Sustainable Development Goals @ United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) website

  • ardswc.gov.tw – Tainan Branch, Agency of Rural Development and Soil and Water Conservation @ Ministry of Agriculiture website
  • annan.gov.tw – Natural attractions in Annan District @ Annan District Office of Tainan City website
  • taiwaneverything.cc – Tainan’s natural side @ Taiwan Everything blog

  • forest.gov.tw – Tainan City Sicao Major Wildlife Habitat @ FOrestry & Nature Conservation Agency of the Republic of China website
  • twtainan.net – Sicao Wildlife Refuge (四草野生動物保護區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City government website
  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Neopu Mudstone Area Soil and Water Conservation Park @ Siraya National Scenic Area website

  • novacircle.com – Taiwan Blackface Spoonbill Conservation Association website
  • tjnp.gov.tw – Blackface Spoonbill population today @ Taijiang Nationsl Park HQ website
  • taiwan-panorama.com – The Black-Faced Spoonbill’s Second Home @ Taiwan Panorama e-zine

  • tjnp.gov.tw – History of Taijiang: Human, Wetland & Black-Faced Spoonbill @ Taijiang National Park – 台江國家公園 website
  • twtainan.net – Black-faced Spoonbill Reserve(黑面琵鷺保護區) @ Tourism Bureau of Tainan City government website
  • revival.com.tw – Revival Environmental Industry Co., Ltd. website

  • taipeitimes.com – Eco-parks to aid Taoyuan & Tainan @ Taipei Times website
  • taipeitimes.com – EPA again rejects industrial park plan for Tainan @ Taipei Times website
  • taipeitimes.com – Tainan urges water conservation as warning issued @ Taipei Times website

  • taiwannews.com.tw – Tainan opens new reclaimed water education center in Anping @ Taiwan News website
  • taiwanplus.com – Tainan City Pushes for Land Crab Conservation @ Taiwan Plus website
  • taiwaninsight.org – Community-based Biodiversity Monitoring of Satoyama Species in Central Taiwan @ Taiwan Insight e-zine

  • taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw – Safe Havens: Taiwan’s wildlife refuges are ensuring the survival of some of the country’s most endangered species @ Taiwan Review e-zine
  • taiwantoday.tw – Three treasured birds graceTainan’s wetlands @ Tainan Today e-zine
  • taiwannews.com.tw – Rare migrating swans seen in southern Taiwan @ Taiwan News website

  • siraya-nsa.gov.tw – Jacana Ecological Education Park @ Siraya National Scenic Area website
  • wikipedia.org – Jacana Ecological Education Park – 水雉生態教育園區 @ Wikipedia . org
  • satoyamainitiative.org – A Case Study in Community Conservation: Reviving a Pheasant-tailed Jacana Population by Ensuring the Survival of the Socio-Economic Landscape in Guantian, Tainan, Taiwan @ Satoyama Initiative website

  • besgroup.org – The Jacana Fields of Taiwan (A Lesson in Conservation & Advocacy) @ Bird Ecology Study Group website
  • https://wli.wwt.org.uk – Pheasant-tailed Jacana Conservation Park @ Wetland Link International website
  • taipeitimes.com – Ministry promoting tours to jacana park in Tainan @ Taipei Times website

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Conservation in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Conservation in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Conservation in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中保護的角色 @ Google Images

PARKS – 公 園

Tai Jiang National Park (台江國家公園). Tainan. (taiwan-scene.com)

  • Parks in Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色

  • What makes parks in Tainan interesting? They range from large reserves for natural heritage areas, to green nature spaces to urban parks.

  • Key Features & What Makes Them Interesting :

  • Wetlands & Coastal Ecology: Taijiang National Park is a standout for coastal ecosystems: mangroves, salt flats, mudflats, and migratory birds. Great for nature lovers.

  • Urban Green Spaces: Barclay Memorial Park and Tainan Park give city dwellers a chance to escape the bustle. Lots of paths, trees, water features.

  • Cultural + Natural Blend: Soulangh Cultural Park is a good example: combining history (sugar factory), art/culture, and green open space.

  • Recreational Amenities: Hutoupi has camping, bike rental, picnicking; many parks have playgrounds etc.

  • Major Parks & Nature Areas in / around Tainan :

  • TAIJIANG NATIONAL PARK ( 台江國家公園 ) is a major national park. Within the boundaries of the park is a significant wetlands complex & coastal ecosystem. Important natural features inlude: mangroves, salt-fields (e.g. Qigu salt fields), bird watching areas (including black-faced spoonbills), tidal flats, sandbars & lagoon areas. The park includes lands along the western Tainan coastline from Yanshui River to Zengwen River along with intertidal coastal areas & sea zones.

  • tjnp.gov.tw – Taijiang National Park – website
  • wikipedia.org – Taijiang National Park @ Wikipedia . org
  • pm0315.com.tw – Four Grass Green Tunnel (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • taiwan.net.tw – Taijiang National Park @ Taiwan Tourism Administration – website

  • Tainan Metropolitan Park (台南都會公園). Large urban / metropolitan park with museum and lake. Big pond, swans, water birds, open green spaces, relaxing walks, close to nature inside city area.

  • Hutoupi Scenic Area (虎頭埤風景區). Scenic reservoir park; history & nature. Lake/reservoir, scenic walking, pavilion, suspension bridge, camping, BBQ, bicycle rental etc.

  • Jacana Ecological Education Park (水雉生態教育園區). Ecological / bird-watching education park. Pheasant-tailed jacanas, bird habitat, nature observation, educational value.

  • Soulangh Cultural Park (蕭壠文化園區). Cultural / nature mix. Former sugar factory turned into a cultural park, museums, art events, green open spaces.

  • Barclay Memorial Park (巴克禮公園). Urban park. Lots of trees, green spaces, paths, photogenic, relaxing, seasonal foliage etc. Located very centrally.

  • Tainan Park (aka Zhong Shan / Jhongshan Park). Historic urban park. Very old, lots of heritage trees, fountains, ponds, pavilions, footbridges, calm in city center.

  • Nanying Green Heart Park (No. 5 Park, 南瀛綠都心5號公園). City park / “green heart” type. Local gathering place, open lawns, sculptures, spaces for community events, walk-friendly paths.

  • Sicao Green Tunnel (四草綠色隧道)

  • pm0315.com.tw – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) – (Mangrove Forest) in Taijiang National Park @ 3:15 pm . com
  • taiwanobsessed.com – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) @ Nick Kembel’s Taiwan Obsessed . com (Terrific site !!! … )
  • nickkembel.com – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) @ Nick Kembel’s Travels – website
  • rtaiwanr.com – Sicao Green Tunnel ( 四草綠色隧道 ) – Mangrove Forest in Taijiang National Park @ Round Taiwan Round . com

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Parks in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色 @ Google Scholar . com
  • youtube.com – Parks in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Parks in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中公園的角色 @ Google Images

RIVERS – 河 流

Liuchuan River (綠川). Taichung. (taichung.gov.tw)

  • Rivers in Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色

  • Most rivers in Tainan flow generally east to west, from the central or southern highlands toward the Taiwan Strait. The flat land of the Chianan (Ji-Anan) Plain is strewn with a dense network of rivers, irrigation channels & waterways. Many of these have been altered by human interventions – dams levees, irrigation ditches . The term for this is “hydromodification”.

  • Ecological & Cultural Importance :

  • Zengwen River Mouth Wildlife Habitat: The river mouth of Zengwen is protected as a major wildlife habitat. It includes river and swamp ecosystems, spanning several hundred hectares. It’s recognized for its biodiversity, especially for waterbirds and migratory species.

  • Wetlands: The estuary zones (e.g. for Yanshui River) have wetlands that are ecologically important.

  • Water Supply & Irrigation: Rivers like Zengwen and its tributaries (Houku, etc.) feed into reservoirs and dams (such as Zengwen Dam, Nanhua Dam) that are critical for water supply (both drinking and agricultural) in Tainan and neighboring regions.

  • Challenges & Issues :

  • Pollution: Rivers around Tainan are impacted by household wastewater, industrial discharge, and agricultural / livestock runoff.

  • Flooding / River Management: Because many rivers run east-to-west on flat plains before emptying into the sea, there are concerns about flow management, levees, flood risk, especially during typhoons and heavy rain. Also, the mouths / estuaries are sensitive and need flood protection structures.

  • Habitat Loss & Conservation: Urban and agricultural expansion, as well as changes in river flow and sedimentation, threaten wetlands and wildlife habitats (e.g. bird migratory resting areas around estuaries and river mouths).

  • Key Rivers in Tainan :

  • Zengwen River (曾文溪, Zēngwén Xī). 146 km. Major tributary includes the Houku River. Upstream it has reservoirs (Zengwen Dam, etc.). Originates in the Alishan area; flows through Chiayi and Tainan; empties into the Taiwan Strait at Tainan.

  • Jishui River (嘉義溪 / Jìshuǐ Xī)b~ 65 km. Has tributaries including the Baishuei River (白水溪). Flows through parts of Tainan and into the Taiwan Strait.

  • Yanshui River (鹽水溪, Yánshuǐ Xī)b~ 41 km. The estuary has wetlands; part of Taijiang National Park. Flows roughly east-to-west through Tainan; enters the Taiwan Strait around Anping/Annan.

  • Baishuei River (白水溪, Bái-shuǐ Xī)b~ 20 km. Tributary of Jishui River; has a reservoir (Baihe Reservoir) upstream. Lies in Tainan, feeding into Jishui.

  • Houku River (後堀溪) ~ 51 km. A major tributary of the Zengwen River; includes dams (e.g. Nanhua Dam) that supply drinking water for other regions. Drains parts of Tainan, Chiayi and Kaohsiung regions; meets Zengwen River around Yujing, Tainan.

  • Erren River (二仁溪, Èrén Xī)b~ 65 km. Shares some jurisdictional issues (crosses boundaries); faces pollution issues. Flows into Taiwan Strait; part of the water-system of Tainan and adjacent Kaohsiung areas.

  • tkcc.tnc.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • taiwantoday.tw – Tainan City: from backwater to paradise @ Taiwan Today e-zine
  • dutchnews.nl – Exhibition on Tainan River Basin at Tainan Art Museum @ Dutch News website

  • wra.gov.tw – Rivers and Regulation of the 6th River Management Bureau @ The Republic of China the Water Resources Agency Sixth River Management Branch website
  • wra.gov.tw – Affiliated Agencies of the Water Resources Agency @ The Republic of China the Water Resources Agency website

  • wistron-foundation.org– 25 Years of the Erren River: Evolving from ‘Black Dragon River’ to Ecological Paradise @ Wistron Foundation website
  • protectedplanet.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • researchgate.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • en-academic.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • dbpedia.org – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • rentechdigital.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • wra.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • businesswire.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • businesswire.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • ardswc.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • forest.gov.tw – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色
  • globalcovenantofmayors.org – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河 流的角色

  • 6omg.com – Tainan’s longest river: Zengwen River @ Travel in Tainan! website
  • researchgate.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • tainancity.com – Taijiang Ecological Culture Zone @ Tainan City website

  • pristine.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder
  • twtainan.net – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – backgrounder

  • EASY SEARCH FOR MORE LINKS ! . . . . .
  • scholar.google.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色 @ Google Scholar
  • youtube.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色 @ YouTube . com
  • images.google.com – Rivers in the culture of Tainan – 臺南市文化中河流的角色 @ Google Images

* * * * *

Click here to return to the CloudBridge Home Page for Tainan

Click here for links to Language & Peoples of Tainan

Click here for links to Culture for Tainan

Click here for links to Business for Tainan

Click here for links to Travel for Tainan

For links to Environment & Nature of Tainan . . . . .

. . . . . please scroll up through this page.

* * * * *

NOTE : This site contains links to our ”favorite” and “most useful” websites . . . but the CloudBridge Project does not endorse or guarantee any of the products or services available through the links on the pages of this website.

本站包含了我們的 “最愛” 以及 “最有用” 的網站連結，但雲橋語文計劃並不保證其連結的有效性或對其背書.

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LATEST PAGE UPDATE: October 22 , 2025
最後一次更新時間為:  2025 / 10 / 22

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